An alkyne trimerisation is a [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction in which three alkyne units () react to form a benzene ring. The reaction requires a metal catalyst. The process is of historic interest as well as being applicable to organic synthesis. Being a cycloaddition reaction, it has high atom economy. Many variations have been developed, including cyclisation of mixtures of alkynes and alkenes as well as alkynes and nitriles.
Trimerisation of acetylene to benzene is highly exergonic, proceeding with a free energy change of 142 kcal/mol at room temperature. Kinetic barriers however prevent the reaction from proceeding smoothly. The breakthrough came in 1948, when Walter Reppe and W. J. Schweckendiek reported their wartime results showing that nickel compounds are effective catalysts:
3 RC2H -> C6R3H3
Since this discovery, many other cyclotrimerisations have been reported.
In terms of mechanism, the reactions begin with the formation of metal-alkyne complexes. The combination of two alkynes within the coordination sphere affords a metallacyclopentadiene. Starting from the metallacyclopentadiene intermediate, many pathways can be considered including metallocycloheptatrienes, metallanorbornadienes, and a more complicated structure featuring a carbenoid ligand.
Catalysts used include cyclopentadienylcobalt dicarbonyl and Wilkinson's catalyst.
Trimerisation of unsymmetrical alkynes gives two isomeric benzenes. For example, phenylacetylene affords both 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-. The substitution pattern about the product arene is determined in two steps: formation of the metallocyclopentadiene intermediate and incorporation of the third equivalent of alkyne. Steric bulk on the alkyne coupling partners and catalyst have been invoked as the controlling elements of regioselectivity.
Chiral catalysts have been employed in combination with arynes to produce non-racemic atropisomeric products.
Catalysts for cyclotrimerisation are selective for triple bonds, which gives the reaction a fairly wide substrate scope.
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Une cycloaddition est une réaction chimique de cyclisation au cours de laquelle « deux molécules (ou parties d'une même molécule) insaturées ou plus se combinent pour former un adduit cyclique dans lequel il y a une réduction de la multiplicité de liaison. » Les cycloadditions sont habituellement caractérisées par le nombre d'électrons impliqués par chacun des réactifs, indiqués entre crochets. Ainsi, la réaction de Diels-Alder est une cyclo-addition [4 + 2].
An alkyne trimerisation is a [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction in which three alkyne units () react to form a benzene ring. The reaction requires a metal catalyst. The process is of historic interest as well as being applicable to organic synthesis. Being a cycloaddition reaction, it has high atom economy. Many variations have been developed, including cyclisation of mixtures of alkynes and alkenes as well as alkynes and nitriles. Trimerisation of acetylene to benzene is highly exergonic, proceeding with a free energy change of 142 kcal/mol at room temperature.
L’acétylène (appelé éthyne par la nomenclature IUPAC) est un hydrocarbure de la classe des alcynes de formule brute . Il a été découvert par Edmund Davy en Angleterre en 1836. C’est l’alcyne le plus simple, constitué de deux atomes de carbone et deux d’hydrogène. Les deux atomes de carbone sont reliés par une triple liaison qui contient la majorité de son énergie chimique. Sa structure est linéaire : .
Investigations of ruthenium halfsandwich complexes have mostly focused on Cp and Cp* based derivatives due to the availability of easily accessible starting materials. However, it is interesting to ha