Procédure d'approche | EPFL Graph Search

thumb|Procédure d'approche en vidéo - reconstitution du Vol 801 Korean Air. La procédure d'approche d'un avion définit les trajectoires et altitudes à respecter avant l'atterrissage. Elle peut s'effectuer à vue ou aux instruments. Le pilote est tenu de respecter les procédures publiées dans des cartes d'approche par les autorités du pays. Pilotage L'approche est la phase du vol située entre la croisière et l'atterrissage. Au cours de l'approche, le pilote réduit la vitesse et l'altitude de l'aéronef tout en l'alignant sur l'axe de la piste. Approche à vue Il existe deux types bien distinct d’approches a vue :

la Manœuvre à Vue Imposée (MVI) ou (VPT) en anglais, qui est publiée dans les cartes d’information aéronautique et, si elle est empruntée, doit respecter un tracé strict en trajectoire et en altitude. Durant une procédure VPT le pilote est à tout instant en vue du sol ;
la Manœuvre à Vue Libre (MVL), n’est quant à elle pas publiée dans les cartes

Behavioral Change towards EE by Utilizing ICT Tools

Marina Dorokhova

Due to end-users’ habit being one of the prominent factors influencing building performance, changing user behavior to encourage energy efficient habits has tremendous potential to facilitate energy savings. Four ongoing European projects, eTeacher, FEEdBACk, InBetween, and UtilitEE, developed ICT solutions achieve this change through triggering mechanisms, informative feedback, gamification, and automation services within a human-centric and context aware framework. This paper provides each project’s methodology to enhance end-user engagement of their respective approach, methodology to assess the expected results, technical and legal challenges, and the preliminary results of their ICT solutions, which have also been presented at Sustainable Places 2020 conference.

2020

Multiple-Field Approach for Aberration Correction in Miniature Imaging Systems Based on Wafer-Level Production

Nicolas Bongard, Hans Peter Herzig, Toralf Scharf

IIn mobile imaging systems, the most difficult element to integrate is the objective lens. Here we present an intermediate approach between the costly traditional objectives and the low-resolution objectives inspired by the compound eyes of insects. Our multi-field approach uses a small number of optical channels each imaging a portion of the desired field of view. The full-field image is reconstructed digitally. The optics of each channel is kept simple for wafer-level fabrication and its size is sufficient to obtain a reasonable resolution. We present the design and fabrication of a prototype using 9 plano-convex lenses for 9 channels. Glass lenses glued on a wafer are used to image a full-field of ±40° with an f-number of 3. The images obtained shows field curvature correction. A simple image reconstruction scheme is presented. In conclusion, multi-field objectives fabricated with micro-optics technology are thin, simple to mount, robust, and easily replicated

SPIE Digital Library2013

Microfluidic Platforms for the Study of Bacterial Metabolism and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Yang Liu

Fast spreading antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging major public health issue. New therapeutic and diagnostic paradigms must be implemented to counteract this evolution. In this respect, fast antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) plays an important role by enabling optimum antibiotic prescriptions to improve the therapeutic efficiency on the one hand and to avoid excessive consumption of antibiotics on the other hand. Eventually, this could slow down AMR progression and extend the lifespan of current antibiotics. This thesis explores routes towards innovative fast AST technologies from 3 perspectives, using E. coli as a model organism: (i) microbial metabolic heat production, (ii) oxygen consumption assessment in response to antimicrobial exposure, and (iii) bacterial motility analysis after incubation without and with antibiotics. In the first project, we propose a chip-based isothermal nanocalorimeter, enabling reliable bacterial metabolic heat flow measurements. The platformâs high sensitivity enables bacterial growth detection within only a few hours of culture. Heat flow curves reflect growth rate and lag phase variations under different bacterial culture conditions and in the presence of antibiotics. At the first stage, for instance, we assessed bacterial heat flow in 3 different culture media, and we found that the overall heat production (i.e. heat flow integrated over time) depends on the availability of nutrients. As a proof-of-concept, we conducted a metabolic heat AST study based on 3 clinically relevant antibiotics featuring different functional mechanisms. The presence of antibiotics at sub-MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) leads to slower growth rates and lag phase elongation. In a parallel approach, we developed an on-chip bacterial oxygen consumption measurement system as an indirect calorimetric method. We focused on the aerobic metabolic activity of E. coli in the early phase of bacterial growth. Antibiotic exposure above MIC suppresses bacterial growth as well as oxygen consumption. In the third project, we further explored the properties of bacteria cultures facing antimicrobial stress. We performed an extensive motility study at single-bacterium resolution under different culture conditions. We developed a protocol using a composite microfluidic chip with UV-curable optical adhesive(OA)-patterned microchannels. The 4-ÎŒm high microfluidic channels confine bacterial suspensions in a quasi-2D space to facilitate high-resolution time-lapse imaging. In particular, we studied collective bacterial migration, appearing as "traveling bands" in the microchannel. For instance, we found that different inoculum sizes of isogenic bacteria result in heterogeneous swimming phenotypes. Interestingly, the collective migration properties were altered by the presence of antibiotics. We investigated this phenotypic diversity by quantifying bacterial motility based on parameters such as swimming velocity, tumble bias, and effective diffusion. In summary, the scope of this thesis was to take advantage of microfluidic technologies to assess the impact of antimicrobial exposure on E. coli from several aspects: metabolic heat flow, oxygen consumption, and swimming and motility behavior. The different platforms presented in this work are new tools enabling innovative protocols for fast in vitro diagnostics and general metabolism-related biological investigations.

EPFL2021

Microfluidic Platforms for the Study of Bacterial Metabolism and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Yang Liu

EPFL2021