Laser à fluorure de kryptonUn laser à fluorure de krypton, souvent abrégé en laser KrF, est un type particulier de laser à excimère (qu'on devrait d'ailleurs appeler ici "laser à exciplexe"). Ce type de laser produit un rayonnement électromagnétique cohérent par dissociation d'un complexe excité KrF* de fluor et de krypton formé en absorbant de l'énergie d'une source extérieure : 2 Kr + + énergie → 2 KrF* KrF* → KrF + hν à 2 KrF → 2 Kr + Le complexe KrF* n'est stable qu'à l'état excité (la définition même d'un exciplexe) et se dissocie immédiatement en krypton et fluor dès qu'il est retombé à son état fondamental après émission de photons correspondant à la transition énergétique, à savoir un rayonnement électromagnétique à de longueur d'onde, c'est-à-dire dans l'ultraviolet.
Tunable laserA tunable laser is a laser whose wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner. While all laser gain media allow small shifts in output wavelength, only a few types of lasers allow continuous tuning over a significant wavelength range. There are many types and categories of tunable lasers. They exist in the gas, liquid, and solid state. Among the types of tunable lasers are excimer lasers, gas lasers (such as CO2 and He-Ne lasers), dye lasers (liquid and solid state), transition metal solid-state lasers, semiconductor crystal and diode lasers, and free electron lasers.
Fock stateIn quantum mechanics, a Fock state or number state is a quantum state that is an element of a Fock space with a well-defined number of particles (or quanta). These states are named after the Soviet physicist Vladimir Fock. Fock states play an important role in the second quantization formulation of quantum mechanics. The particle representation was first treated in detail by Paul Dirac for bosons and by Pascual Jordan and Eugene Wigner for fermions.
Macroscopic quantum phenomenaMacroscopic quantum phenomena are processes showing quantum behavior at the macroscopic scale, rather than at the atomic scale where quantum effects are prevalent. The best-known examples of macroscopic quantum phenomena are superfluidity and superconductivity; other examples include the quantum Hall effect and topological order. Since 2000 there has been extensive experimental work on quantum gases, particularly Bose–Einstein condensates. Between 1996 and 2016 six Nobel Prizes were given for work related to macroscopic quantum phenomena.
Curing (chemistry)Curing is a chemical process employed in polymer chemistry and process engineering that produces the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains. Even if it is strongly associated with the production of thermosetting polymers, the term "curing" can be used for all the processes where a solid product is obtained from a liquid solution, such as with PVC plastisols. During the curing process, single monomers and oligomers, mixed with or without a curing agent, react to form a tridimensional polymeric network.
Laser constructionA laser is constructed from three principal parts: An energy source (usually referred to as the pump or pump source), A gain medium or laser medium, and Two or more mirrors that form an optical resonator. The pump source is the part that provides energy to the laser system. Examples of pump sources include electrical discharges, flashlamps, arc lamps, light from another laser, chemical reactions and even explosive devices. The type of pump source used principally depends on the gain medium, and this also determines how the energy is transmitted to the medium.
Diffusion ThomsonLa diffusion Thomson est la diffusion d'un photon de faible énergie sur une particule chargée de matière au repos, généralement un électron libre, c'est-à-dire non lié à un atome. La diffusion Thomson est un des deux régimes particuliers de la diffusion Compton plus générale. Cette diffusion a été expliquée par Joseph John Thomson. Cette diffusion (voir Diffusion des particules) s'effectue pour des énergies faibles, le rayonnement électromagnétique est absorbé puis réémis par la particule.
