Syndicat professionnel

Résumé

vignette|, dessin paru le dans Solidarity, journal du syndicat international Industrial Workers of the World. Un syndicat professionnel est une organisation professionnelle ou catégorielle à caractère privé qui a pour but d'. Dans les pays démocratiques, ces organisations sont indépendantes de l'État (mais reconnues par celui-ci) et régies par un ensemble de lois qui précisent leur statut, les modalités, les garanties et les limites de leur exercice. Ce type d'organisation peut regrouper des salariés (syndicat de salariés) ou des membres du patronat (organisation patronale). Les revendications des syndicats de salariés portent principalement sur les salaires et les conditions de travail (on parle de « progrès social »), et, lors de restructurations au sein des entreprises, qui peuvent conduire à des licenciements, sur le maintien d'emplois ou l'obtention d'indemnités de licenciement plus élevées. À ce but économique s'agrège souvent « une action politique visant à la modification d

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_professionnel

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Imbalance and drivers of carbon emissions embodied in trade along the Belt and Road Initiative

Qinli Lu

A continuous growth of international trade, especially between developing countries, has greatly increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with energy consumption over the past two decades. Given the more intensified intraregional cooperation and trade within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), this study aims to trace the imbalance of CO2 embodied in trade between nations in BRI and the rest of the world, providing new insights into the drivers of emissions growth by contrasting consumption, production and technological differences-based perspectives. Results indicate that the BRI contributed to over 50% of global carbon footprint and 92% of its increase in 1995-2015. The BRI was a net exporter of trade-embodied emissions, whose technological-adjusted carbon footprint remained remarkably large due to comparatively high carbon intensity. Geographically, carbon leakage has gradually moved from China and India to other BRI countries, especially to Southeast Asia, West Asia and Africa. Technological change was the key driver of emissions reduction, followed by the change in industrial structure. The growth in final demand per capita was the most important driver for the growth of CO2 emissions in BRI. Improving carbon efficiency remains a critical step for BRI nations to slow down not only emissions growth but also carbon leakage. The paper managed to provide novel insights into the carbon leakage in BRI by contrasting the consumption, production and technological differences-based perspectives, thus being able to better inform policymakers on region-specific low-carbon transition and global climate governance.

ELSEVIER SCI LTD2020

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A two-country general equilibrium model with large wage setters and conservative monetary authorities is employed to investigate the welfare implications of three international monetary regimes: i) non-cooperative, ii) cooperative, and iii) monetary union. The analysis shows that the unions’ wage claims depend on three strategic effects which are substantially different between the international policy arrangements. In contrast with recent studies, a switch from non-cooperation to monetary union is welfare improving with a sufficiently conservative central bank because unions perceive wage hikes as delivering lower terms-of-trade gains; while a switch from non-cooperation to cooperation is always beneficial because wage hikes do not yield any terms-of-trade gain. Finally, the paper qualifies Lippi’s (2003) findings

Center for Fiscal Policy Working Paper Series2009

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Ambiguous labor market reforms

Charles Cosme Henri Dennery

When labour unions use first-best price discrimination, they can extract a wage above the marginal product of labour: employment is above the firm's own optimum - this is featherbedding or overmanning, and such rigidities can increase employment. While labour market reforms are usually beneficial in the long run, they can be detrimental in the short run if investment does not pick up quickly enough.

2020

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