In speech, phonetic pitch reset occurs at the boundaries (pausa) between prosodic units.
Over the course of such units, the median pitch of the voice declines from its initial value, sometimes reaching the lower end of the speaker's vocal range. Then, it must reset to a higher level if the person is to continue speaking. In non-tonal languages, the sudden increase in pitch is one of the principal auditory cues to the start of a new prosodic unit.
In register tone languages which experience discrete downdrift, pitch reset is required as the tones approach the lower end of the speaker's comfort range, and in those languages which experience tone terracing, it is in addition required in order to maintain the tonal distinctions of the language.
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In linguistics, a prosodic unit is a segment of speech that occurs with specific prosodic properties. These properties can be those of stress, intonation (a single pitch and rhythm contour), or tonal patterns. Prosodic units occur at a hierarchy of levels, from the syllable, the metrical foot and phonological word to the intonational unit (IU) and to a complete utterance. However, the term is often restricted to intermediate levels which do not have a dedicated terminology.
Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. All verbal languages use pitch to express emotional and other para-linguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously to consonants and vowels. Languages that have this feature are called tonal languages; the distinctive tone patterns of such a language are sometimes called tonemes, by analogy with phoneme.
Couvre le polynôme d'indépendance d'un graphe de dépendance et des concepts connexes tels que la coloration du graphe et les propriétés du graphe dirigé.
Couvre l'échantillonnage des signaux, le filtrage et la reconstruction à partir des données échantillonnées, y compris les exercices pratiques et les solutions d'examen.
In this thesis, methods and models are developed and presented aiming at the estimation, restoration and transformation of the characteristics of human speech. During a first period of the thesis, a concept was developed that allows restoring prosodic voic ...