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Concept

Plomb

Résumé

vignette|Galène (forme naturelle cristallisée du sulfure de plomb). vignette|Nodules de plomb, raffinés par électrolyse, à côté d'un cube de de plomb pur à plus de 99,9 %. Le plomb est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 82, de symbole Pb. Dans les conditions standard, le corps simple plomb est un métal malléable et gris bleuâtre, qui blanchit lentement en s'oxydant. Le mot plomb et le symbole Pb viennent du latin plumbum (le métal plomb). Le plomb appartient au groupe 14 et à la période 6 du tableau périodique. C'est le plus « lourd » des éléments stables. Le plomb est un élément toxique, mutagène et reprotoxique, sans valeur connue d'oligoélément. Il a en effet été classé comme potentiellement cancérigène en 1980, classé dans le groupe 2B par le Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC), puis comme probablement cancérigène pour l'humain et l'animal en 2004. Deux sels de plomb, le chromate et l'arséniate, sont considérés comme carcinogènes c

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomb

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Le zinc (prononciation /zɛ̃g/ en France, /zɛ̃k/ au Canada, /zɛ̃/ en Suisse) est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 30 et de symbole Zn. Le corps simple zinc est un métal. Généralités sur l'

vignette| redresse=1.6| Échantillons des corps simples, classés selon le tableau périodique. Ceux qui manquent dans le tableau sont trop radioactifs pour être présentés en toute sécurité. Un élément

L'argent est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 47, de symbole Ag. Le corps simple argent est un métal précieux dont le nom désigne aussi en français dans le langage courant les pièces et bille

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Local Vulnerabilities and Global Robustness of Coupled Dynamical Systems on Complex Networks

Melvyn Sandy Tyloo

Coupled dynamical systems are omnipresent in everyday life. In general, interactions between individual elements composing the system are captured by complex networks. The latter greatly impact the way coupled systems are functioning and evolving in time. An important task in such a context, is to identify the most fragile components of a system in a fast and efficient manner. It is also highly desirable to have bounds on the amplitude and duration of perturbations that could potentially drive the system through a transition from one equi- librium to another. A paradigmatic model of coupled dynamical system is that of oscillatory networks. In these systems, a phenomenon known as synchronization where the individual elements start to behave coherently may occur if couplings are strong enough. We propose frameworks to assess vulnerabilities of such synchronous states to external perturbations. We consider transient excursions for both small-signal response and larger perturbations that can potentially drive the system out of its initial basin of attraction. In the first part of this thesis, we investigate the robustness of complex network-coupled oscillators. We consider transient excursions following external perturbations. For ensemble averaged perturbations, quite remarkably we find that robustness of a network is given by a family of network descriptors that we called generalized Kirchhoff indices and which are defined from extensions of the resistance distance to arbitrary powers of the Laplacian matrix of the system. These indices allow an efficient and accurate assessment of the overall vulnera- bility of an oscillatory network and can be used to compare robustness of different networks. Moreover, a network can be made more robust by minimizing its Kirchhoff indices. Then for specific local perturbations, we show that local vulnerabilities are captured by generalized resistance centralities also defined from extensions of the resistance distance. Most fragile nodes are therefore identified as the least central according to resistance centralities. Based on the latter, rankings of the nodes from most to least vulnerable can be established. In summary, we find that both local vulnerabilities and global robustness are accurately evaluated with resistance centralities and Kirchhoff indices. Moreover, the framework that we define is rather general and may be useful to analyze other coupled dynamical systems. In the second part, we focus on the effect of larger perturbations that eventually lead the sys- tem to an escape from its initial basin of attraction. We consider coupled oscillators subjected to noise with various amplitudes and correlation in time. To predict desynchronization and transitions between synchronous states, we propose a simple heuristic criterion based on the distance between the initial stable fixed point and the closest saddle point. Surprisingly, we find numerically that our criterion leads to rather accurate estimates for the survival probability and first escape time. Our criterion is general and may be applied to other dynamical systems.

EPFL2020

Chargement

Cyanine dyes are organic semiconductor compounds with light absorption and emission properties useful for emerging technologies such as solar cells and light-emitting devices. The characteristics of these materials in the solid state depend on their organization of the constituting building blocks. This thesis focuses on controlling the morphology of cyanine dye thin films at different length scales and clarifying the resulting properties. When microstructures present features whose size matches visible light wavelengths, new properties may arise from light-matter interactions. Here the properties resulting from the light-matter interactions of cyanine droplet films cast from solution are studied. Based on experimental evidence, it is shown that dye droplet ensembles scatter light with different efficiencies and wavelength ranges depending on their dimensions. FDTD simulations are used to show that this effect results fromscattering enhancement at the absorption edge of the dye where the refractive index varies considerably. Simulations also provide a better understanding of individual dropletsâ interaction with light. While earlier work had hypothesized that the observed scattering phenomenon were due to crystalline clusters within the droplets, this work highlights the contribution of the dye filmmorphology. Cyanines also form single crystals whose fabrication induces molecular-scale order in the material. Previous work demonstrated that thin single crystals could be grown by solvent vapor annealing of dye droplets. Here it is shown that in uncontrolled conditions, cyanine single crystals destabilize to formdendritic crystals. In-situ microscopy observations highlight the solute reservoir role of the droplet distribution surrounding a growing crystal; when the distance between droplets and the crystal front is large, the solute supply is diffusion-limited. Moreover variations in local pressure equilibrium between the droplets and crystal front lead to advection fluxes which perturb the crystal growth. These observations help design configurations to either prevent crystal destabilization or take advantage of the dendritic growth in a controlled manner. In addition, the patterning of crystals on a substrate is relevant for their application in devices. A practical challenge is to induce single crystal growth at specific locations. Here, surfaces patterned with SAMs of hydrophilic and hydrophobic thiols are used to create dye droplet arrays from which crystals can be grown. This method is shown to yield local crystallization of the dye and to prevent crystal destabilization through better control of the droplet distribution. By varying the dye solution concentration, partial control over crystal density is achieved, however it proved difficult to control the number of nuclei per droplet. A more controlled evaporation and solvent vapor annealing system might be necessary to master the nucleation process. Finally the structure and optical properties of cyanine single crystals are addressed. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. Structural aspects are shown to lead to excitonic couplings, which are evidenced by orientation-dependent spectroscopic measurements of single crystals. Although further investigation of the absorption band structure is necessary, the results are promising for photovoltaic devices as they might improve exciton transport compared to amorphous layers.

EPFL2018

Chargement

KRAB zinc-finger proteins and their transposable element targets: between antagonism and cooperation

Jonas Caspar De Tribolet-Hardy

There are 377 Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain-containing zinc finger proteins (KZFPs) in the human genome, making them the largest family of transcription factors. KZFPs are defined by a N-terminal KRAB domain and several zinc-finger domains arranged in an array at the C-terminus of the proteins. The zinc-finger domains each form sequence specific interactions with double stranded DNA, allowing the zinc-finger array to target specific genomic sequences. The KRAB domain, through its interaction with the protein TRIM28 (also known as KAP1) allows for the stable silencing of transcription in a genomic region. Together these two domains allow KZFPs to bind specific regions of the genome and generally lead to the formation of heterochromatin and silencing of transcription allthough other functions for some KZFPs have been recently reported. KZFPs usually target transposable elements (TEs), mobile genomic elements that can move through the genome either by cut-and-paste or copy-paste mechanisms and make up almost half of the human genome. Different KZFPs bind to specific regions of TEs, limiting their expression and thus mitigating some of the threat they pose to human development, allowing both the TE and its host to survive. In recent years it became apparent that both certain TEs and KZFPs have roles beyond the previously described threat and mitigation of that threat. TEs harbor gene regulatory regions allowing, through their spread, for a dissemination of those regions through the genome and for new gene regulatory networks to form. KZFPs can affect the transcription of genes located in proximity to their binding sites leading to changes in gene regulation as well. A multitude of regulatory roles involving KZFPs and TEs have been described in recent years making them an exciting field of study. A major hurdle in understanding both KZFPs and TEs is to identify the binding sites of KZFPs, as they reveal both the targets of the KZFP and how, if at all, a TE is regulated by KZFPs. To do so, we expanded on previous efforts and aimed to perform chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) on every member of the human KZFP family. Here we present ChIP-seq experiments for 110 new KZFPs, which together with previously published data, allow us to study the binding of almost all human KZFPs (95%). The entirety of the data was analysed together to generate a coherent dataset and results for each KZFP are made available to the public on our web portal (https://tronoapps.epfl.ch/web/krabopedia/). The identified binding sites allowed us to witness the adaptation of the KZFP family to new TEs and showed how targeted sequences shift after segmental gene duplication events. Furthermore, we could corroborate that several KZFPs target the same TE subfamilies in a seemingly redundant fashion and show that unexpectedly these KZFPs arose independently in different genomic locations. These results represent a valuable tool for anyone studying KZFPs and should aid in the pursuit of both understanding KZFPs and TEs.

EPFL2022

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EPFL2018

Local Vulnerabilities and Global Robustness of Coupled Dynamical Systems on Complex Networks

Melvyn Sandy Tyloo

EPFL2020

KRAB zinc-finger proteins and their transposable element targets: between antagonism and cooperation

Jonas Caspar De Tribolet-Hardy

EPFL2022