Écozone

Résumé

Dans certains systèmes de classification écologique des territoires biogéographiques terrestres, une écozone est définie comme étant une partie de la surface terrestre représentative d'une unité écologique à grande échelle, caractérisée par des facteurs abiotiques (non vivants) et biotiques (vivants) particuliers. Le système des écozones est proposé par Miklos Udvardy dans un objectif de conservation en 1975. Il est maintenant utilisé internationalement comme système unifié à des fins d’identification biogéographique et de conservation. Une autre appellation pour écozone est région biogéographique. À une plus petite échelle, les écozones sont subdivisées en écorégions. Dans ce système, pour ce qui concerne les terres émergées, une autre appellation pour écorégion est province biogéographique. Huit écozones Ces écozones sont souvent qualifiées de sous-régions, si elles sont regroupées à un niveau supérieur, la surface terrestre étant divisée en huit écozones :

Afrotr

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cozone

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Patterns of bryophyte and vascular plant richness in European subalpine springs

Alexandre Buttler, Lucia Sekulova

The diversity of spring habitats can be determined not only by local environmental conditions, but also by large-scale biogeographical effects. The effects can differ across various groups of organisms. We compared alpha-, beta- and gamma-diversity patterns of bryophytes and vascular plants of (sub)alpine springs in three contrasting mountain ranges: Alps (Switzerland), Balkans (Bulgaria), Western Carpathians (Slovakia, Poland). We used univariate and multivariate statistics to test for the effects of pH, conductivity, altitude, slope, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation on diversity patterns of both taxonomic groups and compared diversity patterns among the regions for particular pH and conductivity classes. We identified acidophyte and basiphyte, calcifuge and calcicole species using species response modelling. All regions displayed significant relationship between conductivity and alpha-diversity of vascular plants. Bulgaria showed the highest alpha-diversity of vascular plants for the middle part of the conductivity gradient. For both taxonomic groups, the beta-diversity in the middle part of gradient was highest in Swiss Alps. The total species pool was lowest in Bulgaria. The percentage of basiphyte and calcicole species was highest in the Alps. In (sub)alpine springs, mineral richness was a better determinant of vascular plant alpha-diversity than pH, and the extent of the alpine area did not coincide with alpha-diversity. Observed inter-regional differences in diversity patterns could be explained by the different proportion of limestone bedrock and different biogeographic history. The differences in alpha-diversity between both taxonomic groups are presumably result of the different rates of adaptation processes.

Springer Netherlands2012

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Biogeographic patterns of base-rich fen vegetation across Europe

François Gillet, Lucia Sekulova

Wiley-Blackwell2013

Chargement

Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems, as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments. We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order to identify potential species' hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based on "richness hotspots" may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied. This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking. In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence.

Springer-Verlag2009

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