Lysosome

Résumé

thumb|350px|Les principaux organites d'une cellule. Les lysosomes sont légendés en haut à gauche thumb|350px|Schéma d'une cellule type. Composants (1) Nucléole
(2) Noyau
(3) Ribosomes
(4) Vésicule
(5) Réticulum endoplasmique rugueux (ou granuleux) (REG)
(6) Appareil de Golgi
(7) Cytosquelette
(8) Réticulum endoplasmique lisse
(9) Mitochondries
(10) Vacuole
(11) Cytosol (12) Lysosome
(13) Centrosome (constitué de deux centrioles) (14) Membrane plasmique Les lysosomes sont des organites cellulaires de 0,2 à 0,5 micron présents dans le cytosol de toutes les cellules eucaryotes, animales, à l'exception des érythrocytes (« globules rouges »). Ils ont pour fonction d'effectuer la digestion intracellulaire (ou extracellulaire via exocytose dans le cas des chondroblastes, ostéoclastes et macrophages) grâce à une quarantaine d'enzymes, dont des lipases, des peptidases, de

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome

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, ,

Deregulated energy homeostasis represents a hallmark of aging and results from complex gene-by-environment interactions. Here, we discovered that reducing the expression of the gene ech-6 encoding enoyl-CoA hydratase remitted fat diet-induced deleterious effects on lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, while a basal expression of ech-6 was important for survival under normal dietary conditions. Lipidomics revealed that supplementation of fat in ech-6-silenced worms had marginal effects on lipid profiles, suggesting an alternative fat utilization for energy production. Transcriptomics further suggest a causal relation between the lysosomal pathway, energy production, and the longevity effect conferred by the interaction between ech-6 and fat diets. Indeed, enhancing energy production from endogenous fat by overexpressing lysosomal lipase lipl-4 recapitulated the lifespan effects of fat diets on ech-6-silenced worms. Collectively, these results suggest that the gene ech-6 is potential modulator of metabolic flexibility and may be a target for promoting metabolic health and longevity.

NATURE PORTFOLIO2022

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BACKGROUND: The HIV Nef protein downregulates CD4 through sequential connection with clathrin-coated pits and the COP1 coatomer, resulting in accelerated endocytosis and lysosomal targeting. RESULTS: Here we report that the small GTPase ARF1 controls the Nef-induced, COP-mediated late-endosomal targeting of CD4. We find that Nef binds ARF1 directly and can recruit the GTPase onto endosomal membranes. Furthermore, a complex comprising Nef, ARF1, and betaCOP can be immunoprecipitated from cells expressing the viral protein. Residues in a C-terminal loop of the viral protein facilitate both these interactions and the targeting of Nef and CD4 to acidic late endosomes, whereas other residues primarily involved in mediating CD4 endocytosis are dispensable for this process. Finally, a dominant-negative ARF1 mutant blocks the migration of the Nef-CD4 complex to lysosomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support a model in which ARF1 is the immediate downstream partner of Nef for CD4 lysosomal targeting.

2004

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Regulation of the V-ATPase along the endocytic pathway occurs through reversible subunit association and membrane localization

Françoise Gisou van der Goot Grunberg

The lumen of endosomal organelles becomes increasingly acidic when going from the cell surface to lysosomes. Luminal pH thereby regulates important processes such as the release of internalized ligands from their receptor or the activation of lysosomal enzymes. The main player in endosomal acidification is the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multi-subunit transmembrane complex that pumps protons from the cytoplasm to the lumen of organelles, or to the outside of the cell. The active V-ATPase is composed of two multi-subunit domains, the transmembrane V(0) and the cytoplasmic V(1). Here we found that the ratio of membrane associated V(1)/Vo varies along the endocytic pathway, the relative abundance of V(1) being higher on late endosomes than on early endosomes, providing an explanation for the higher acidity of late endosomes. We also found that all membrane-bound V-ATPase subunits were associated with detergent resistant membranes (DRM) isolated from late endosomes, raising the possibility that association with lipid-raft like domains also plays a role in regulating the activity of the proton pump. In support of this, we found that treatment of cells with U18666A, a drug that leads to the accumulation of cholesterol in late endosomes, affected acidification of late endosome. Altogether our findings indicate that the activity of the vATPase in the endocytic pathway is regulated both by reversible association/dissociation and the interaction with specific lipid environments.

Public Library of Science2008

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