Lamination (geology)In geology, lamination () is a small-scale sequence of fine layers (: laminae; : lamina) that occurs in sedimentary rocks. Laminae are normally smaller and less pronounced than bedding. Lamination is often regarded as planar structures one centimetre or less in thickness, whereas bedding layers are greater than one centimetre. However, structures from several millimetres to many centimetres have been described as laminae. A single sedimentary rock can have both laminae and beds.
ArtinskienL’Artinskien est un étage du Permien, système géologique de l'ère paléozoïque. C'est l'avant-dernière des quatre subdivisions de l'époque du Cisuralien. L'Artinskien s'étend de à d'années (Ma). Il est précédé par le Sakmarien et suivi par le Kungurien. L'Artinskien doit son nom à la ville russe de Arti (anciennement Artinsk) située dans le sud de l'Oural à environ 200 km au sud-ouest d'Iekaterinbourg. L'étage a été introduit dans la littérature scientifique par le géologue russe Alexandre Karpinsky en 1874.
Unité stratigraphiquevignette|Strates du Grand Canyon. Les unités stratigraphiques sont des découpages proposés pour définir des séquences de dépôt. Il s’agit, par la description fine des tranches de terrain que constituent les coupes et les profils, de proposer à la fois une mise en séquence de chaque coupe ou profil mais également de définir des corrélations entre eux. C’est la convergence de critères qui permet de proposer des corrélations. Chaque critère est porteur d’une information sur les modes de mise en place ou/et les modes de transformations post-dépositionnelles.
Depositional environmentIn geology, depositional environment or sedimentary environment describes the combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment and, therefore, the rock types that will be formed after lithification, if the sediment is preserved in the rock record. In most cases, the environments associated with particular rock types or associations of rock types can be matched to existing analogues.
First appearance datumFirst appearance datum (FAD) is a term used by geologists and paleontologists to designate the first appearance of a species in the geologic record. FADs are determined by identifying the geologically oldest fossil discovered, to date, of a particular species. A related term is last appearance datum (LAD), the last appearance of a species in the geologic record. FADs are frequently used to designate segments in the geologic time scale. A given FAD can be used to define a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP).
System (stratigraphy)A system in stratigraphy is a sequence of strata (rock layers) that were laid down together within the same corresponding geological period. The associated period is a chronological time unit, a part of the geological time scale, while the system is a unit of chronostratigraphy. Systems are unrelated to lithostratigraphy, which subdivides rock layers on their lithology. Systems are subdivisions of erathems and are themselves divided into series and stages.
Geologic recordThe geologic record in stratigraphy, paleontology and other natural sciences refers to the entirety of the layers of rock strata. That is, deposits laid down by volcanism or by deposition of sediment derived from weathering detritus (clays, sands etc.). This includes all its fossil content and the information it yields about the history of the Earth: its past climate, geography, geology and the evolution of life on its surface. According to the law of superposition, sedimentary and volcanic rock layers are deposited on top of each other.
