FengjianFēngjiàn () was a governance system in ancient China, whose social structure formed a decentralized system of confederation-like government. The ruling class consisted of the Son of Heaven (king) and aristocracy, and the lower class consisted of commoners categorized into four occupations (or "four categories of the people", namely scholar-officials, peasants, laborers and merchants). Elite bonds through affinal relations and submission to the overlordship of the king date back to the Shang dynasty, but it was the Western Zhou dynasty when the Zhou kings enfeoffed their clan relatives and fellow warriors as vassals.
Quia EmptoresQuia Emptores is a statute passed by the Parliament of England in 1290 during the reign of Edward I that prevented tenants from alienating their lands to others by subinfeudation, instead requiring all tenants who wished to alienate their land to do so by substitution. The statute, along with its companion statute Quo Warranto also passed in 1290, was intended to remedy land ownership disputes and consequent financial difficulties that had resulted from the decline of the traditional feudal system in England during the High Middle Ages.
LordLord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom, or are entitled to courtesy titles. The collective "Lords" can refer to a group or body of peers. According to the Oxford Dictionary of English, the etymology of the word can be traced back to the Old English word hlāford which originated from hlāfweard meaning "loaf-ward" or "bread-keeper", reflecting the Germanic tribal custom of a chieftain providing food for his followers.
DemesneA demesne (dɪˈmeɪn,_-ˈmiːn ) or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. In contrast, the entire territory controlled by a monarch both directly and indirectly via their tenant lords would typically be referred to as their realm. The concept originated in the Kingdom of France and found its way to foreign lands influenced by it or its fiefdoms.
Régime foncierUn régime foncier est le régime juridique ou coutumier qui définit les relations d’appartenance d'une terre et ses ressources par rapport à un individu ou à un groupe. Il détermine qui peut utiliser la terre, pour combien de temps et dans quelles conditions. Leur usage peut être fondé tant sur des lois et des politiques officielles que sur des coutumes informelles. Au cours de l'histoire, de nombreuses formes différentes de propriété foncière, c'est-à-dire des modes de possession des terres, ont été établies.
Déshérencevignette|Exemple de tombe en déshérence.|alt=Amas de morceaux de pierres tombales, de statues et de végétation. La déshérence est la situation dans laquelle se trouve un bien ou un patrimoine lorsque son propriétaire est décédé sans laisser d'héritier connu. Déshérence en droit français L'article 768 du Code civil français prévoit que l'État recueille les biens par voie de déshérence. Pour désigner une succession qui n'est réclamée par personne, on parle aussi de « succession vacante ».
Allodial titleAllodial title constitutes ownership of real property (land, buildings, and fixtures) that is independent of any superior landlord. Allodial title is related to the concept of land held "in allodium", or land ownership by occupancy and defense of the land. Most property ownership in common law jurisdictions is fee simple. In the United States, the land is subject to eminent domain by federal, state and local government, and subject to the imposition of taxes by state and/or local governments, and there is thus no true allodial land.
