VasubandhuVasubandhu, (env. – siècles), moine bouddhiste gandharais, est l’un des fondateurs de l’école yogācāra avec son demi-frère Asanga et Maitreyanatha. Il est également le vingt-et-unième patriarche du Chan ou du zen. Il est souvent considéré comme un bodhisattva. Le terme sanskrit Vasubandhu signifie littéralement la bonne parenté, vasu bon ou excellent, et bandhu parenté.
ChandrakîrtiChandrakirti (IAST: Candrakīrti, ), mot sanskrit signifiant renommée de la Lune (de candra, Lune et kīrti, renommée), est un maitre et érudit indien bouddhiste de l'école madhyamika du mahayana qui vécut au milieu du . Critiquant l'usage positif de la dialectique initié par Bhavyaviveka, Candrakīrti opéra un retour à Nāgārjuna et à sa méthode réfutative.
Philosophical skepticismPhilosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge. It differs from other forms of skepticism in that it even rejects very plausible knowledge claims that belong to basic common sense. Philosophical skeptics are often classified into two general categories: Those who deny all possibility of knowledge, and those who advocate for the suspension of judgment due to the inadequacy of evidence.
PramanavarttikaThe Pramāṇavārttika (Brahmi: 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀯𑀸𑀭𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀓, Commentary on Valid Cognition; Tib. tshad ma rnam 'grel) is an influential Buddhist text on pramana (valid instruments of knowledge, epistemic criteria), a form of Indian epistemology. The Pramāṇavārttika is the magnum opus of the Indian Buddhist Dharmakirti (floruit 6-7th centuries). The Pramanavarttika is written in about 2,000 verse stanzas. The four chapters deal, respectively, with inference for oneself (svarthanumana), valid knowledge (pramanasiddhi), sense perception (pratyaksa), and inference for others (pararthanumana).
Philosophie bouddhisteCet article traite du bouddhisme comme philosophie. En effet, le bouddhisme comporte une telle dimension philosophique qu'il est perçu par un certain nombre de ses pratiquants et observateurs comme philosophie plutôt que religion, bien que cette qualification soit parfois préférée. L'approche philosophique du bouddhisme est notamment menée par des auteurs ou intellectuels occidentaux, qui cherchent à le replacer dans une grille conceptuelle d'héritage européen.
UdayanaUdayana, (Devanagari: उदयन) also known as Udayanācārya (Udyanacharya, or Master Udayana), (circa 975 - 1050 CE) was an Indian philosopher and logician of the tenth century of the Nyaya school who attempted to devise a rational theology to prove the existence of God using logic and counter the attack on the existence of God at the hands of Buddhist philosophers such as Dharmakīrti, Jñānaśrī and against the Indian school of materialism (Chārvaka). He is considered to be the most important philosopher of the Nyāya tradition.
Buddhist atomismBuddhist atomism is a school of atomistic Buddhist philosophy that flourished on the Indian subcontinent during two major periods. During the first phase, which began to develop prior to the 6th century CE, Buddhist atomism had a very qualitative, Aristotelian-style atomic theory. This form of atomism identifies four kinds of atoms, corresponding to the standard elements. Each of these elements has a specific property, such as solidity or motion, and performs a specific function in mixtures, such as providing support or causing growth.
BhartrihariBhartrihari est le nom d'un poète indien d'expression sanskrite (entre le ) et d'un grammairien du même nom (s). Pendant longtemps, ces deux auteurs furent confondus. On tend aujourd'hui à les dissocier. D'après la tradition, Bhartrihari serait le frère ainé du roi Vikram d'Ujjain. Destiné à la couronne, il aurait abdiqué en faveur de son frère et se serait retiré dans une grotte qui est toujours visité. Il serait également le demi-frère du poète Bhatti. On lui attribue trois centuries (Shataka) correspondant aux quatre stades de la vie.
RatnakīrtiRatnakīrti (11th century CE) was an Indian Buddhist philosopher of the Yogācāra and epistemological (pramāṇavāda) schools who wrote on logic, philosophy of mind and epistemology. Ratnakīrti studied at the Vikramaśīla monastery in modern-day Bihar. He was a pupil of Jñānaśrīmitra, and Ratnakīrti refers to Jñānaśrīmitra in his work as his guru with phrases such as yad āhur guravaḥ. Ratnakīrti's work has been termed as "more concise and logical though not so poetical" compared to that of his teacher, although he does build on much of Jñānaśrīmitra's work.
Buddhism and scienceThe relationship between Buddhism and science is a subject of contemporary discussion and debate among Buddhists, scientists and scholars of Buddhism. Historically, Buddhism encompasses many types of beliefs, traditions and practices, so it is difficult to assert any single "Buddhism" in relation to science. Similarly, the issue of what "science" refers to remains a subject of debate, and there is no single view on this issue.
