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In international relations, aid (also known as international aid, overseas aid, foreign aid, economic aid or foreign assistance) is – from the perspective of governments – a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another. Aid may serve one or more functions: it may be given as a signal of diplomatic approval, or to strengthen a military ally, to reward a government for behavior desired by the donor, to extend the donor's cultural influence, to provide infrastructure needed by the donor for resource extraction from the recipient country, or to gain other kinds of commercial access. Countries may provide aid for further diplomatic reasons. Humanitarian and altruistic purposes are often reasons for foreign assistance. Aid may be given by individuals, private organizations, or governments. Standards delimiting exactly the types of transfers considered "aid" vary from country to country. For example, the United States government discontinued the reporting of military aid as

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Civil war hinders crop production and threatens food security in Syria

Xi Li, Li Mi

Assessing the impact of violent conflict on Syrian agriculture is challenging given data limitations and attributability issues. Using satellite data at 30 m spatial resolution, we found that the extent of productive cropland showed greater interannual variability and spatial heterogeneity after the start of the civil war in 2011. Using changes in satellite-based night-time light as a proxy for war impact intensity, we also found that cropland close to severely impacted urban settlements faced greater disruption. Fixed-effects models revealed the relationship between productive cropland and precipitation for the pre-war period, whereas a counterfactual scenario constructed for the period 2012-2019 showed substantial variation at the regional level. While the ongoing conflict promoted cropland cultivation in safer zones, cropland reduction took place in the country's northwest and southeast regions. Our study demonstrated the combined utility of daytime and night-time satellite data to assess food insecurity in extreme environments and can help guide distribution of food and aid in Syria. Conflicts are known to disrupt agriculture, food supply chains and the economy at large. Mapping and quantifying such disruptions, although key for aid planning, remains a challenge in war zones. This study uses daytime and night-time satellite data from Syria over 1998-2019 to assess the link between war-induced impacts on infrastructure and urban areas with cropland dynamics.

NATURE PORTFOLIO2022

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Bandgap Tunability in Sb-Alloyed BiVO4 Quaternary Oxides as Visible Light Absorbers for Solar Fuel Applications

Raffaella Buonsanti, Anna Loiudice, Jie Ma

One approach to reducing the bandgap is the utilization of ternary and quaternary oxides, which have been receiving increased attention as light absorbers that, critically, also supply the potential needed to drive multi-electron oxidn. reactions. In this work, we report the discovery of antimony-alloyed bismuth vanadate (Sb-BiVO4). Through a combination of theor. predication and exptl. validation, we show that this novel photoanode material possesses a bandgap that linearly decreases below 2.4 eV with increasing Sb content. This work is enabled by the development of a novel two-step synthesis process that will broadly aid new materials discovery by providing synthetic access to a wide range of compositionally complex oxides.

2015

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Efficient Electron Transfer and Sensitizer Regeneration in Stable π-Extended Tetrathiafulvalene-Sensitized Solar Cells

Qianli Chen, Davide Di Censo, Robin Humphry-Baker, Jacques-Edouard Moser, Joël Teuscher, Sophie Wenger, Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin

The development of metal-free organic sensitizers is a key issue in dye-sensitized solar cell research. We report successful photovoltaic conversion with a new class of stable tetrathiafulvalene derivatives, showing surprising electrochemical and kinetic properties. With time-resolved spectroscopy we could observe highly efficient regeneration of the photo-oxidized tetrathiafulvalene sensitizers, which were attached to a mesoporous TiO2 film, by a redox mediator in the pores (iodide/tri-iodide), even though the measured driving force for regeneration was only ∼150 mV. This important proof-of-concept shows that sensitizers with a small driving force, i.e. the oxidation potential of the sensitizer is separated from the redox potenial of the mediator by as little as 150 mV, can operate functionally in dye-sensitized solar cells and eventually aid to reduce photovoltage losses due to poor energetic alignment of the materials.

American Chemical Society2010

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Aide au développement

L'aide au développement désigne une action volontaire par un acteur extérieur pour impulser le développement d'un pays tiers (pays en développement). Les conceptions du développement sont nombreuses,

Poverty reduction

Poverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Measures, like those

Pauvreté

alt=|vignette|250x250px|Manifestation contre la pauvreté des étudiants, France. alt=|vignette|250x250px|Habitants des rues du district de San'ya à Tokyo, au Japon. La pauvreté désigne dans une sociét

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