Timeline of solar cells

Résumé

In the 19th century, it was observed that the sunlight striking certain materials generates detectable electric current – the photoelectric effect. This discovery laid the foundation for solar cells. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid was unavailable. As the invention was brought out it made solar cells as a prominent utilization for power generation for satellites. Satellites orbit the Earth, thus making solar cells a prominent source for power generation through the sunlight falling on them. Solar cells are commonly used in satellites in today's times. 1839 - Edmond Becquerel observes the photovoltaic effect via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light. 1873 - Willoughby Smith finds that selenium shows photoconductivity. 1874 - James Clerk Maxwell writes to fellow mathematician Peter Tait of his observation that light affects the conductivity of selenium. 1877 - William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day observed the photovoltaic effect in solidified selenium, and published a paper on the selenium cell. 'The action of light on selenium,' in "Proceedings of the Royal Society, A25, 113. 1883 - Charles Fritts develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency. 1887 - Heinrich Hertz investigates ultraviolet light photoconductivity and discovers the photoelectric effect 1887 - James Moser reports dye sensitized photoelectrochemical cell. 1888 - Edward Weston receives patent US389124, "Solar cell," and US389125, "Solar cell." 1888–91 - Aleksandr Stoletov creates the first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect 1894 - Melvin Severy receives patent US527377, "Solar cell," and US527379, "Solar cell." 1897 - Harry Reagan receives patent US588177, "Solar cell." 1899 - Weston Bowser receives patent US598177, "Solar storage." 1901 - Philipp von Lenard observes the variation in electron energy with light frequency.

Source officielle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells

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A new hole-transporting material (XJ-05) based on a 9,9'-bicarbazole core and four acetylene-linked triphenylamine groups was designed and applied for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Optical spectra, thermal stability, electrochemical properties, density functional theory calculations, hydrophobicity, hole mobility, hole transfer dynamics, and surface morphology of XJ-05 were evaluated and discussed. Planar n-i-p PSCs were fabricated using triple cation perovskite Cs-0.05(MA(0.17)FA(0.83))(0.95)Pb(I0.83Br0.17)(3) as the light-harvesting layer. The PSCs based on doped XJ-05 achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.08%, which is comparable to that of PSCs based on state-of-the-art hole-transporting material, spiro-OMeTAD (17.55%). Unfortunately, the doped XJ-05-based cells showed inferior stability. Moreover, the dopant-free XJ-05-based devices showed a PCE up to 12.61% and retained 79.9% of their initial PCE under moisture after 260 h, which represent a much better stability than the spiro-OMeTAD-based ones.

AMER CHEMICAL SOC2022

In situ growth of graphene on both sides of a Cu-Ni alloy electrode for perovskite solar cells with improved stability

Michael Graetzel, Yinghui Wu, Yuchen Wang, Huimin Su

The instability of rear electrodes undermines the long-term operational durability of efficient perovskite solar cells. Here, a composite electrode of copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) alloy stabilized by in situ grown bifacial graphene is designed. The alloying makes the work function of Cu suitable for regular perovskite solar cells. Cu-Ni is the ideal substrate for preparing high-quality graphene via chemical vapour deposition, which simultaneously protects the device from oxygen, water and reactions between internal components. To rivet the composite electrode with the semi-device, a thermoplastic copolymer is applied as an adhesive layer through hot pressing. The resulting devices achieve power conversion efficiencies of 24.34% and 20.76% (certified 20.86%) with aperture areas of 0.09 and 1.02 cm(2), respectively. The devices show improved stability: 97% of their initial efficiency is retained after 1,440 hours of a damp-heat test at 85 degrees C with a relative humidity of 85%; 95% of their initial efficiency is retained after 5,000 hours at maximum power point tracking under continuous 1 sun illumination. The instability of contact layers for perovskite solar cells under operating conditions limits the deployment of the technology. Now, Lin et al. develop a Cu-Ni electrode sandwiched between in situ-grown graphene protective layers, enabling solar cells with improved stability under light, humidity and high temperature.

NATURE PORTFOLIO2022

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Pb-free Sn-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have significant potential for application in photovoltaic devices because oftheir suitable bandgap, low exciton binding energy, high carrier mobility, and long diffusion length. However, their performance is hampered by several issues. Sn-based perovskites are highly susceptible to oxidation, which induces a high concentration of defects and degrades the chemical stability of the perovskite crystals. Herein, the anion formate (HCOO-) can effectively suppress the oxidation of Sn in the pure formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI(3)) perovskite without using A-site cationic additives. Moreover, the presence of formate results in a uniform pinhole-free perovskite film with a low trap density, reduced charge carrier recombination, and improved charge extraction. Density functional theory calculations show that formate-treated FASnI(3) has improved stability against oxidative Sn degradation. The formate-treated PSC achieves a power conversion efficiency of 12.11% at a high open-circuit voltage of 0.71 V. The device exhibits improved stability in ambient air in which it maintained over 80% of its initial power conversion efficiency after 180 min because oxidation is inhibited owing to the strong interaction between Sn and formate.

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH2022