VishtaspaVishtaspa (𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀 ; 𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱 ; گشتاسپ ; Ὑστάσπης ) is the Avestan-language name of a figure of Zoroastrian scripture and tradition, portrayed as an early follower of Zoroaster, and his patron, and instrumental in the diffusion of the prophet's message. Although Vishtaspa is not epigraphically attested, he is – like Zoroaster – traditionally assumed to have been a historical figure, although obscured by accretions from legend and myth. In Zoroastrian tradition, which builds on allusions found in the Avesta, Vishtaspa is a righteous king who helped propagate and defend the faith.
Mythologie perseLa mythologie perse est principalement contenue dans l'Avesta et dans les livres traditionnels pehlevis. Le recueil le plus complet de mythologie perse ancienne est contenu dans le Livre des rois de Firdoussi, écrit il y a plus de mille ans. La plupart des informations sur les dieux persans antiques peuvent être trouvées dans les textes religieux de Zoroastre tels que l'Avesta et dans des sources ultérieures comme le Bundahishn et le Denkard. L'Avesta original date d'environ 1400-1200 av. J.-C.
KeyoumarsKeyoumars, Kayomars, Kayumars (en کیومرث), Gayōmart (en گیومرت) ou Gayōmard (en گیومرد) est le premier homme créé par Ahura Mazda et le premier roi de la dynastie des Pichdadiens dans la mythologie iranienne. Il est l'arrière-grand-père de Djamchid. Gayōmart en avestique (𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬊 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀𐬥 Gaiio Mərətan) est composé de gayō (une vie) et martan (mourant ou périssable) qui signifie "vie mortelle". Keyoumars est également un prénom populaire dans les pays de langue persane (Iran, Afghanistan et Tadjikistan).
AneranAnērān (Middle Persian, 𐭠𐭭𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭) or Anīrân (Modern Persian, انیران) is an ethno-linguistic term that signifies "non-Iranian" or "non-Iran" (non-Aryan). Thus, in a general sense, 'Aniran' signifies lands where Iranian languages are not spoken. In a pejorative sense, it denotes "a political and religious enemy of Iran and Zoroastrianism." The term 'Aniran' derives from Middle Persian anērān, Pahlavi ʼnyrʼn, an antonym of ērān that in turn denoted either the people or the Sasanian Empire.
Avestan geographyAvestan geography refers to the investigation of place names in the Avesta and the attempt to connect them to real-world geographical sites. It is therefore different from the cosmogony expressed in the Avesta, where place names refer to mythical events or a cosmological order. Identifying such connections is important for localizing the people of the Avesta and is therefore crucial for understanding the early history of Zoroastrianism and the Iranian peoples.
