Fusion partielle

vignette| 300px| Les laves proviennent de la différenciation chimique de magmas formés par fusion partielle. La fusion partielle d'une roche correspond à la fusion d'une partie de ses minéraux, généralement dans des proportions différentes de celles de la roche elle-même. La température de la roche est telle que le solidus de la roche est dépassé, alors que son liquidus n'est pas atteint. Lorsque la roche source est ainsi en partie fondue, on a la formation d'un liquide magmatique entre les cristaux non encore fondus : les phases solides et liquide coexistent. La fusion partielle est un des processus majeurs de la génération des magmas, qui sont très divers dans leurs compositions chimiques, en fonction de la roche dont ils proviennent. La fusion partielle d'une péridotite de type pyrolite donne par exemple un basalte, et celle d'un basalte tholéiitique un magma andésitique. Fusion partielle du manteau terrestre vignette| upright=2| Schéma des processus conduisant à une

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Subduction

thumb|400px|Coupe schématique d'une zone de subduction avec présence d'un bassin arrière-arc. La subduction est un processus géodynamique d'enfoncement d'une plaque tectonique sous une autre plaque d

Roche magmatique

Les roches magmatiques ou roches ignées (anciennement, roches éruptives), se forment quand un magma se refroidit et se solidifie, avec ou sans cristallisation complète des minéraux le composant. Cet

Basalte

thumb|Lave en coussins de basalte vu au fond de l'océan, au niveau de Hawaï. Le basalte est une roche magmatique volcanique issue d'un magma refroidi rapidement et caractérisée par sa composition min

CIVIL-211: Geology

Les ingénieurs civils exercent leurs activités en constante interaction avec le sous-sol. Le cours de géologie donne aux étudiants les bases en Géosciences nécessaires à une ingénierie bien intégrée dans le contexte de notre planète.

MICRO-470: Scaling laws & simulations in micro & nanosystems

This class combines an analytical and finite elements modeling (FEM) simulations approach to scaling laws in MEMS/NEMS. The dominant physical effects and scaling effects when downsizing sensors and actuators in microsystems are discussed, across a broad range of actuation principles.

Weekly to monthly time scale of melt inclusion entrapment prior to eruption recorded by phosphorus distribution in olivine from mid-ocean ridges

Lukas Baumgartner, Stéphane Laurent Escrig, Mélina Manzini, Anders Meibom

Melt inclusions (MIs) hosted in euhedral olivine have been proposed to represent droplets of primary melt, protected from processes occurring near Earth's surface during eruption. The complex zoning of phosphorus (P) in some olivines and the presence of a P-depleted zone around MIs indicate a complex history for the host-MI system. We analyzed P in olivine and MIs from two mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) samples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) by electron probe microanalyzer, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and NanoSIMS. Phosphorus dendrites in olivine suggest an initial fast olivine growth followed by a stage of slower growth. Dissolution textures around some MIs were identified and were probably caused by adiabatic decompression melting. Based on diffusion modeling of P in olivine, we infer that olivine beneath the MAR remains in the system (1) for days to weeks after crystallization of P-rich lamellae, and (2) for a few hours after recrystallization of dissolved olivine. Dissolution and reprecipitation of olivine containing boundary layers suggests that most MIs might be affected by late post-entrapment processes.

Geological Soc Amer, Inc2017

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Re-Os isotopic evidence for long-lived heterogeneity and equilibration processes in the Earth's upper mantle

Reto Frei, Anders Meibom

The geochemical composition of the Earth's upper mantle(1-3) is thought to reflect 4.5 billion years of melt extraction, as well as the recycling of crustal materials. The fractionation of rhenium and osmium during partial melting in the upper mantle makes the Re-Os isotopic system well suited for tracing the extraction of melt and recycling of the resulting mid-ocean-ridge basalt(3). Here we report osmium isotope compositions of more than 700 osmium-rich platinum-group element alloys derived from the upper mantle. The osmium isotopic data form a wide, essentially gaussian distribution, demonstrating that, with respect to Re-Os isotope systematics, the upper mantle is extremely heterogeneous. As depleted and enriched domains can apparently remain unequilibrated on a timescale of billions of years, effective equilibration seems to require high degrees of partial melting, such as occur under mid-ocean ridges or in back-arc settings, where percolating melts enhance the mobility of both osmium and rhenium. We infer that the gaussian shape of the osmium isotope distribution is the signature of a random mixing process between depleted and enriched domains, resulting from a 'plum pudding' distribution in the upper mantle, rather than from individual melt depletion events.

2002

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Are high He-3/He-4 ratios in oceanic basalts an indicator of deep-mantle plume components?

Reto Frei, Anders Meibom

The existence of a primordial, undegassed lower mantle reservoir characterized by high concentration of He-3 and high He-3/He-4 ratios is a cornerstone assumption in modern geochemistry. It has become standard practice to interpret high He-3/He-4 ratios in oceanic basalts as a signature of deep-rooted plumes. The unfiltered He isotope data set for oceanic spreading centers displays a wide, nearly Gaussian, distribution qualitatively similar to the Os isotope (Os-187/Os-188) distribution of mantle-derived Os-rich alloys. We propose that both distributions are produced by shallow mantle processes involving mixing between different proportions of recycled, variably aged (.) radiogenic and unradiogenic domains under varying degrees of partial melting. In the case of the Re-Os isotopic system, radiogenic mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-rich and unradiogenic (depleted mantle residue) endmembers are constantly produced during partial melting events. In the case of the (U+Th)-He isotope system, effective capture of He-rich bubbles during growth of phenocryst olivine in crystallizing magma chambers provides one mechanism for 'freezing in' unradiogenic (i.e. high He-3/He-4) He isotope ratios, while the higher than chondritic (U+Th)/He elemental ratio in the evolving and partially degassed MORB melt provides the radiogenic (i.e. low He-3/He-4) endmember. If this scenario is correct, the use of He isotopic signatures as a fingerprint of plume components in oceanic basalts is not justified. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

2003

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