House of Representatives | EPFL Graph Search

House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entities. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often called a "Senate". In some countries, the House of Representatives is the sole chamber of a unicameral legislature. The functioning of a house of representatives can vary greatly from country to country, and depends on whether a country has a parliamentary or a presidential system. Members of a House of Representatives are typically apportioned according to population rather than geography. The Indonesian People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) is generally known in English as the "House of Representatives", as is the Dewan Rakyat of the Parliament of Malaysia and the Dáil Éireann of the Irish Oireachtas parliament. "The House of Representatives" currently is the name of a house of the legislature in the following countries: In the following countries it is the sole chamber in a unicameral system: House of Representatives is the title of most, but not all, of the lower houses of U.S. state legislatures, with the exceptions usually called "State Assembly", "General Assembly", or more rarely, "House of Delegates". In Germany, the Landtag parliament of the city and state of Berlin (previously of West Berlin), the Abgeordnetenhaus is known in English as the House of Representatives. In Tanzania, the semi-autonomous islands of Zanzibar has its own legislative body, the Zanzibar House of Representatives. From 1867 until 1918, in Cisleithania, the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the lower house of the Imperial Council (Reichsrat) parliament, the Abgeordnetenhaus was generally known in English as "House of Representatives". Since 1855 the lower house in the Landtag assembly of Prussia was called Abgeordnetenhaus, as distinct from the upper House of Lords. In 1934, the Nebraska voters approved a unicameral legislature dissolving the House of Representatives and transferring its powers to the Senate.

Les transformations de la maison des Bédouins du Néguev

Edgard Dezuari

This thesis deals with transformations in the culture of the house (shapes, ways of life, representations of the houses by their inhabitants and their participation in their design). It focuses on houses built between 1972 and 2003 at Tel Shéva, the first in a series of seven planned resettlement towns developed for the Bedouin of the Negev desert (Israel). Today, half of them are living in planed towns while the other half remains on tribal sites, in more than one hundred unrecognised villages. The Bedouins (130 000 inhabitants) of the Negev began to settle in the first part of the 20th century. Throughout its second part they underwent profound transformations, including urbanisation. In the 1960-s, the State initiated a policy of Bedouin new towns in order to curb the development of the Bedouin shanty-villages, which were growing on the outskirts of Beer Shéva, the capital of the Israel's Southern district. In those Bedouin new towns, the inhabitants are free to build a family home on a 1000 m2 plot, as long as they respect neighbourhood regulations. They receive the land as freehold and the infrastructure is state subsidised. The architectural autonomy granted to the inhabitants of Tel Shéva is designed to allow them to build according to their specific needs. The social aspects of Bedouin rehousing in planned towns have been studied extensively, but, to our knowledge, no research has yet used the changes in house conception to illustrate the cultural transformations undergone by the Bedouin. Our typology of houses representing the stages of this evolution, relies on a framework for the study of adaptation to involuntary rehousing (refugees etc) drawn up by Scudder and Colson [1982]. They identify four steps in a rehousing operation: recruitment, transition, development and incorporation. For each step, we have tried to identify one type of dwelling. Informal housing in the first stage, reproductions of the previous environment –in the second; in the third, a hybrid model of modern housing including traditional elements, and original architecture corresponding to new values - in the final stage. This thesis creates a house typology of houses from the points of view of morphology, way of life, representations and inhabitant participation in design. We have defined four types: the "tent", the "standard house", the "catalogue house" and the "individualised house". The tent, and the shelters which followed it, were not planned housing. The behaviour of the inhabitant and the representations of the houses corresponded to traditional logic. In the "standard house" stage, the first rehoused inhabitants accepted any kind of dwelling so long as it was simple and cheap. Thus, they unquestioningly applied a standard model. During the "catalogue house" stage, the designers, attracted by the market of individual housing in Bedouin towns, introduced architectural variety, to match growing social differentiation. During the "individualised house" stage, in the early nineties, customers started demanding a role in the design of their houses: a practice initiated amongst the families and friends of several designers. At this point the individual house reflects the emergence of an individualised consciousness of one's identity revealing profound changes in culture and society.

EPFL2003

Les transformations de la maison des Bédouins du Néguev

Edgard Dezuari

EPFL2003