Climat subtropical humide

Résumé

thumb|upright=2|Ville de Sotchi, en Russie, avec sa végétation urbaine typique du climat subtropical humide Le climat subtropical humide, selon la classification de Köppen (Cfa et Cwa), est une zone climatique tempérée caractérisée par des étés chauds (température moyenne du mois le plus chaud supérieure à ) et humides. Ses hivers, sont en revanche variables selon la latitude et peuvent aller de très frais (température moyenne minimale du mois le plus froid de ) à très doux (température moyenne maximale du mois le plus froid de ). Ce climat est soit dépourvu de saison sèche, soit connaît une saison sèche en période froide par opposition au climat méditerranéen dont la saison sèche est centrée en été. Les masses d'air étant caractérisées par des flux méridiens, les températures peuvent augmenter ou chuter très brutalement (excepté en été). Il est de fait difficile de délimiter ce climat précisément, car il constitue une transition entre le climat continental par la possibilité de ses

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat_subtropical_humide

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The adoption of crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV modules based on glass-glass (G-G) structures is gaining momentum because of the possibility to manufacture bifacial panels, collecting light from the rear side. Despite not being an optimal material, Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) has become the dominant encapsulant in the PV industry. In fact, upon exposure to UV at high temperatures in the presence of moisture, EVA generates acetic acid (HAc), leading to the corrosion of the metallic interconnects. This problematic may be even more pronounced in a non-permeable G-G structure, compared to a conventional glass-backsheet (G-BS) design, in which HAc can be partially degassed out through the breathable BS. Nevertheless, some industries would like to continue using EVA in the manufacturing of G-G modules, because of the lower cost, the much longer track record and easier processability of EVA compared to newer alternatives, such as polyolefns (POs). In this work, we try to answer the question whether it is possible to use EVA in the manufacturing of G-G modules. The experimental chapters focus primarily on study the long-term reliability, in particular:1. The sensitivity to water of different c-Si cell technologies (i.e. Aluminum Back Surface Field (Al-BSF), Passivated Emitter Rear Cell (PERC) and Silicon Heterojunction (SHJ)) exposed to damp-heat, where we highlight the good stability of the EVA, and the sensitivity to moisture of the SHJ solar cells.2. We propose a detailed microscopical model explaining the problematic of the SHJ to water. In reality, the presence of moisture (favored by the use of EVA) is only a contributing factor, as clearly indicated by the fact that the degradation in more pronounced in the presence of glass. Here we point at the role of a glass corrosion process and of NaOH in damaging the passivating properties of the cell. Either by reducing the water ingress (with an edge seal or a PO) or by replacing the glass type, the degradation phenomenon is not observed.3. The impact of EVA storage conditions on the lamination quality and ultraviolet (UV) degradation. If good polymer storage and handling practices are carefully respected, the results tend to suggest that EVA can still be a viable solution to encapsulate G-G PV modules, for deployment in geographical zones where the humidity levels are not so high during the year (i.e. temperate climates). On the contrary, if these conditions are not observed, or in the event of module operating in a hot-humid climate, we believe that this may affect the long-term performance of G-G modules encapsulated with EVA.4. An accelerated aging test for acetic acid corrosion (missing in the industry standards) is developed to probe wear-out and end-of-life behavior and facilitate screening of metallization, and interconnection technologies. Corrosion is in fact one of the main end-of-life failure modes in PV modules which use EVA. Here, SHJ cells with a low temperature silver paste-based interconnection outperformed cells with conventional solder-based interconnection (i.e. Al-BSF and PERC). The proposed corrosion test method can be optimized to match corrosion behavior observed in feld modules with shorter times than standard damp heat tests.These results give us a deeper insight on how to manufacture reliable and durable G-G modules, based on different cell technologies, and do not rule out the possibility to use EVA when targeting extended lifetimes of double glass panels.

EPFL2022

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Air handling unit condensate in tropical and subtropical climates - Why waste down the drain?

Dusan Licina

In tropical and subtropical regions, air-conditioning is employed throughout the year, which poses a significant challenge to the designer in reducing its energy consumption. Buildings in these regions would have latent load that is large enough throughout the whole year to produce a substantial amount of low enthalpy condensate. This free natural by-product is typically drained away from all the air handling units (AHUs) and routed to the nearest sanitary drain. In the context of an exergy analysis, it is not difficult to see the potential to recover energy from the condensate. In this study, the condensate is collected from several AHUs and directed through another coil that pre-cools the warm and humid outdoor air which is supplying another AHU, called the Condensate Assisted Pre-cooling (CAP) AHU. The analysis shows that condensate production is large enough to make pre-cooling cost-beneficial with energy savings of approximately 10%.

2012

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Microclimatic factors influencing refugium suitability for Rhodnius prolixus

Thierry Jean Heger

Rehydration in the triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus (Stal) is dependent on the blood meal, and water balance regulation is crucial for survival of starving bugs. In an experimental arena with zones at different climatic conditions, starved R. prolixus nymphs prefer a cooler and more humid zone, stopping there more often and for longer periods. This is probably a behavioural adaptation to limit water loss and reduce metabolic rate. In the Venezuelan State of Portuguesa, temperature and humidity were monitored in three kinds of potential refugia during the dry season: (i) in a palm roof; (ii) in a crack of the wall of a house; and (iii) in a palm tree crown. Fluctuations in temperature and saturation deficit are not very different inside and outside the palm roof except during a few hours of the day when the sun is at its zenith. In the crack of the wall, the diurnal temperature range is reduced to 6.5 C compared with 12.4 C outside, and the saturation deficit varies by only 7.6 hPa compared with 28.6 hPa outside. In the palm tree crown, the daily temperature range is only 4.2 C compared with 13.8 C outside, and the saturation deficit is permanently less than 5 hPa. The microclimatic conditions in the palm tree crown would appear to be ideal for starving R. prolixus, but this kind of refugium generally harbours low densities of bugs, probably related to a combination of predation, pathogens and lower mean temperature within the crown. Such biotic and abiotic constraints play a lesser role in the less ideal palm roof and wall crack refugia where bugs can proliferate as long as hosts are readily available nearby.

2006

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EPFL2022