Météorite

Résumé

vignette|Météorite de Willamette, présentant des regmaglyptes caractéristiques (exposée au musée américain d'histoire naturelle de New York). vignette|La météorite de Murchison intéresse particulièrement les astrophysiciens, les cosmochimistes et les exobiologistes à la recherche des origines de la vie, son étude ayant fortement influencé la conception sur l'origine extraterrestre de la vie sur Terre. Une météorite est un objet solide d'origine extraterrestre qui en traversant l'atmosphère terrestre n'a pas perdu toute sa masse, et qui en a atteint la surface solide sans y être entièrement volatilisé lors de l'impact avec cette surface. La définition s'applique aussi à des objets arrivant sur la surface solide d'autres astres (planètes, satellites naturels ou astéroïdes) ; il a ainsi été trouvé sur la planète Mars plusieurs météorites, et sur la Lune un fragment de granite d'origine terrestre. La majorité des météorites qui arrivent dans la haute atmosphère terrestre sont des fragmen

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite

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Vertical distribution of the different types of aerosols in the stratosphere: Detection of solid particles and analysis of their spatial variability

Quentin Bourgeois

Stratospheric aerosols play a significant role in stratospheric chemistry. In the past, it was assumed that only liquid droplets are present in the stratosphere. Nevertheless, a few lidar measurements have shown that sudden enhancement of aerosol content in the middle stratosphere could be due to meteoritic debris. Aircraft measurements have shown that solid particles can be found in the lower stratosphere; these particles are mainly soot, but also include some interplanetary material. In order to better document the various characteristics of aerosols in the unperturbed stratosphere (i.e., free of volcanic aerosols), we have performed observations using different balloon-borne instruments (Stratospheric and Tropospheric Aerosol Counter (STAC), Spectroscopie d'Absorption Lunaire pour l'Observation des Minoritaires Ozone et NOx (SALOMON), and Micro Radiometre Ballon (MicroRADIBAL)) and also some satellite data (Global ozone monitoring by occultation of stars Envisat (GOMOS-Envisat)). These instruments allow us to obtain the number of particles in different size classes, the wavelength dependence of aerosol extinction, and the radiance of the light scattered by aerosols. Combining all the data together, it appears that significant amounts of particles are ubiquitous in the middle stratosphere, above the canonical sulfate aerosol layer. "Background'' interplanetary dusts in low concentration are likely present in the stratosphere. Above 30 km, interplanetary dust and largest grains from meteoroid disintegration dominate. Although the disintegration of meteoroids occurs in the upper stratosphere or in the mesosphere at all latitudes, these solid aerosols can be transported to the polar regions by the general circulation and can descend into the middle and lower stratosphere during winter mesospheric descents. Between about 22 km and 30 km, soot particles contribute to the population of aerosols at all latitudes. These soot, likely originating from biomass burning at all latitudes, could be injected into the lower stratosphere by the pyroconvective effect and can then reach the middle stratosphere perhaps owing to the gravitophotophoresis effect as was theoretically proposed. In the lower unperturbed stratosphere, liquid sulfate aerosols dominate, although soot particles are still present. Local horizontal and vertical enhancements of solid aerosols have sometimes been detected, although their origin is not yet determined. The presence of these solid particles can strongly bias the interpretation of in situ and remote sensing measurements when only the presence of liquid aerosols is assumed. Therefore, a new strategy of measurement will be necessary in the future to better characterize the stratospheric aerosol content free of volcanic particles.

2008

Chargement

We report on the petrology and geochemistry of the Northwest Africa 2737 (NWA 2737) meteorite that was recovered from the Morrocan Sahara in 2000. It is the second member of the chassignite subclass of the SNC (Shergotitte-Nakhlite-Chassignite) group of meteorites that are thought to have originated on Mars. It consists of black olivine- and spinel-cumulate crystals (89.7 and 4.6 wt%, respectively), with intercumulus pyroxenes (augite 3.1 wt% and pigeonite-orthopyroxene 1.0 wt%), analbite glass (1.6 wt%) and apatite (0.2 wt%). Unlike Chassigny, plagioclase has not been observed in NWA 2737. Olivine crystals are rich in Mg, and highly equilibrated (Fo = 78.7 +/- 0.5 mol%). The black color of olivine grains may be related to the strong shock experienced by the meteorite as revealed by the deformation features observed on the macroscopic to the atomic scale. Chromite is zoned from core to rim from Cr(83.4)Uv(3.6)Sp(13.0) to Cr(72.0)UV(6.9)Sp(21.1). Pyroxene compositional trends are similar to those described for Chassigny except that they are richer in Mg. Compositions range from En(78.5)Wo(2.7)Fs(18.8) to En(76.6)WO(3.2)Fs(20.2) for the orthopyroxene, from En(73.5)Wo(8.0)Fs(18.5) to En(64.0)Wo(22.1)Fs(13.9) for pigeonite, and from En(54.6)Wo(32.8)Fs(12.6) to En(46.7)Wo(44.1)Fs(9.2) for augite. Bulk rock oxygen isotope compositions confirm that NWA 2737 is a new member of the martian meteorite clan (Delta O-17 = 0.305 +/- 0.02 parts per thousand, n = 2). REE abundances measured in NWA 2737 mineral phases are similar to those in Chassigny and suggest a genetic relationship between these two rocks. However, the parent melt of NWA 2737 was less evolved and had a lower Al abundance. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2006

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Shock-induced metallic iron nanoparticles in olivine-rich Martian meteorites

Pierre Beck, Philippe Gillet

Magnetic anomalies observed by the Mars Global Surveyor mission are attributed to crustal remanence. SNC (Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny) meteorites are likely samples of the Martian crust and are amenable to mineralogical and magnetic measurements essential to the understanding of the origin of magnetic anomalies. The recently discovered chassignite NWA 2737 and lherzolitic shergottite NWA 1950 display unusual magnetic characteristics that argue for a different magnetic carrier than the oxides and sulfides previously invoked in SNC meteorites. NWA 2737, the second member of the chassignite group, is a dunite with unusually dark-brown olivines and large magnetic susceptibility while Chassigny contains green olivines and is nearly a pure paramagnet. Dark olivines are also found in NWA 1950, a lherzolitic shergottite, which has singular magnetic properties when compared with other shergottites. The dark olivine color is due to the presence of Fe and FeNi metal nanoparticles, identified both by TEM and by magnetic measurements. Their size distribution encompasses the superparamagnetic to single domain transition at 30 K (10 nm range) and explains the magnetic properties of the bulk rocks. The formation of these nanoparticles is attributed to heating during the shock events that affected NWA 2737 and NWA 1950. The production of metal particles by shock-induced reduction of olivine has been invoked on surfaces deprived of atmosphere but never observed on Earth or Mars. Therefore, metal formed by shock in the heavily cratered Noachian crust is a possible carrier for crustal magnetic remanence. Widespread surface formation of metal nanoparticles could provide the precursor for the oxidized particles (goethite, hematite) observed in the Martian soils. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

2007

Chargement

Vertical distribution of the different types of aerosols in the stratosphere: Detection of solid particles and analysis of their spatial variability

Quentin Bourgeois

2008