Connotation (semiotics)This word has distinct meanings in logic, philosophy, and common usage. See connotation. In semiotics, connotation arises when the denotative relationship between a signifier and its signified is inadequate to serve the needs of the community. A second level of meanings is termed connotative. These meanings are not objective representations of the thing, but new usages produced by the language group. Drawing from the original definition proposed by Saussure (1857–1913), a sign has two parts: as a signifier, i.
Code (semiotics)In semiotics, a code is a set of cultural conventions, contemporary sub-codes, and themes used to communicate meaning. The most common is one's spoken language, but the term can also be used to refer to any narrative form: consider the color scheme of an image (e.g. red for danger), or the rules of a board game (e.g. the military signifiers in chess). Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) emphasised that signs only acquire meaning and value when they are interpreted in relation to each other.
Modality (semiotics)In semiotics, a modality is a particular way in which information is to be encoded for presentation to humans, i.e. to the type of sign and to the status of reality ascribed to or claimed by a sign, text, or genre. It is more closely associated with the semiotics of Charles Peirce (1839–1914) than Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) because meaning is conceived as an effect of a set of signs.
Value (semiotics)In semiotics, the value of a sign depends on its position and relations in the system of signification and upon the particular codes being used. Value is the sign as it is determined by the other signs in a semiotic system. For linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, for example, the content of a sign in linguistics is ultimately determined and delimited not by its internal content, but by what surrounds it: the synonyms redouter ("to dread"), craindre ("to fear"), and avoir peur ("to be afraid") have their particular values because they exist in opposition to one another.
Encoding (semiotics)Encoding, in semiotics, is the process of creating a message for transmission by an addresser to an addressee. The complementary process interpreting a message received from an addresser is called decoding. The process of message exchanges, or semiosis, is a key characteristic of human life depending on rule-governed and learned codes that, for the most part, unconsciously guide the communication of meaning between individuals.
Decoding (semiotics)Decoding, in semiotics, is the process of interpreting a message sent by an addresser (sender) to an addressee (receiver). The complementary process creating a message for transmission to an addressee is called encoding. All communication depends on the use of codes. More traditional communication models always include three main elements: a sender, a transmitter, and a receiver (Fawkes 21). The sender is responsible for “encoding” (i.e., selecting information) their message and putting it through a transmitter (i.
SémiotiqueLa sémiotique (également appelée études sémiotiques) est l'étude systématique des processus de signes (sémiosis ou sémiose) et de la fabrication du sens. La sémiose est toute activité, conduite ou processus qui implique des signes, où un signe est défini comme tout ce qui communique quelque chose, généralement appelé un sens, à l'interprète du signe. La signification peut être intentionnelle, comme un mot prononcé avec une signification spécifique, ou non intentionnelle, comme un symptôme étant le signe d'une condition médicale particulière.
Sign (semiotics)In semiotics, a sign is anything that communicates a meaning that is not the sign itself to the interpreter of the sign. The meaning can be intentional, as when a word is uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, as when a symptom is taken as a sign of a particular medical condition. Signs can communicate through any of the senses, visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or taste. Two major theories describe the way signs acquire the ability to transfer information.
LangageLe langage est la capacité d'exprimer une pensée et de communiquer au moyen d'un système de signes (vocaux, gestuel, graphiques, tactiles, olfactifs, etc.) doté d'une sémantique, et le plus souvent d'une syntaxe — mais ce n'est pas systématique (la cartographie est un exemple de langage non syntaxique). Fruit d'une acquisition, la langue est une des nombreuses manifestations du langage. Les langages sont constitués de signaux correspondant au support physique de l'information.
