Good governance is the process of measuring how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources and guarantee the realization of human rights in a manner essentially free of abuse and corruption and with due regard for the rule of law. Governance is "the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)". Governance in this context can apply to corporate, international, national, or local governance as well as the interactions between other sectors of society.
The concept of "good governance" thus emerges as a model to compare ineffective economies or political bodies with viable economies and political bodies. The concept centers on the responsibility of governments and governing bodies to meet the needs of the masses as opposed to select groups in society. Because countries often described as "most successful" are liberal-democratic states, concentrated in Europe and the Americas, good governance standards often measure other state institutions against these states. Aid organizations and the authorities of developed countries often will focus the meaning of "good governance" to a set of requirements that conform to the organization's agenda, making "good governance" imply many different things in many different contexts.
Good governance in the context of countries is a broad term, and in that regards, it is difficult to find a unique definition. According to Fukuyama (2013), there are two dimensions to qualify governance as good or bad: the capacity of the state and the bureaucracy's autonomy. They both complement, in the sense that when the state is more capable, for instance through the collection of taxes, there should be more autonomy because the bureaucrats are able to conduct things well without being instructed with a lot of details. In less capable states, however, less discretion and more rules setting are desirable.
Another way to think about good governance is through outcomes.
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Les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD, Millennium Development Goals en anglais), sont huit objectifs adoptés en 2000 à New York (États-Unis) avec la Déclaration du millénaire de l'Organisation des Nations unies par 193 États membres de l'ONU, et au moins 23 organisations internationales, qui sont convenus de les atteindre pour 2015. Ces objectifs recouvrent de grands enjeux humanitaires : la réduction de l’extrême pauvreté et de la mortalité infantile, la lutte contre plusieurs épidémies dont le SIDA, l'accès à l’éducation, l’égalité des sexes, et l'application du développement durable.
Poverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, ways of enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a conduit of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the Georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access to the natural world for all.
Dans la typologie la plus courante, les pays en développement ou pays du Sud sont des pays moins développés économiquement que les pays développés (parfois appelés pays du Nord). L'expression « pays en développement » remplace des dénominations antérieures, jugées inadéquates, obsolètes ou incorrectes : les pays du tiers monde, les pays sous-développés. Elle s'est substituée à « pays en voie de développement ».
This is a historical inquiry on self-help housing, or autoconstruction as its French equivalent, a term mainly overlooked by architects but favoured by policymakers for low-cost housing development. Self-help housing has been a field of ‘aid’ or ‘assistanc ...
Nowadays, usage-based acquisition models for e-books, as PDA and EBA, are quite spread and allow libraries to offer wider collections, without acquiring them. A PDA with Ebook Central was implemented in 2019 and a first EBA with Wiley in 2021. The EPFL Lib ...
Liège Université2022
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Seismic design of standard structures is typically founded on a force-based design approach. Over the years this approach has proven robust and easily applicable by design engineers and - in combination with capacity design principles - it provides a good ...