Lactation

Résumé

vignette|upright=1.0|Dès la naissance, les jeunes mammifères cherchent instinctivement la mamelle, afin de téter (ici un chevreau). vignette|upright=1.0|Tétée d'un jeune babouin hamadryas. vignette|upright=1.0|Enfant humain en train de téter. thumb|Mamelles d'une femme avant la gestation. thumb|Les mêmes au moment de la montée de lait. thumb|Sécrétion de lait maternel humain La lactation est une fonction physiologique des femelles de mammifères, y compris les femmes. Les mammifères se caractérisent par l'existence de glandes mammaires qui assurent la sécrétion et l'excrétion de lait. Chez les monotrèmes (échidné, ornithorynque) les glandes mammaires sont distribuées sur tout l'abdomen et le lait suinte de la peau à travers la fourrure de la mère, que les jeunes doivent lécher car elle n'a pas de mamelles. Chez les marsupiaux et les placentaires, en revanche, les glandes mammaires sont regroupées en mamelles, en nombre pair. Après la parturition, la lactation est déclenchée et entreten

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation

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Spiroplasma is a diverse bacterial clade that includes many vertically transmitted insect endosymbionts, including Spiroplasma poulsonii, a natural endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster. These bacteria persist in the hemolymph of their adult host and exhibit efficient vertical transmission from mother to offspring. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism that underlies their vertical transmission, and here we provide strong evidence that these bacteria use the yolk uptake machinery to colonize the germ line. We show that Spiroplasma reaches the oocyte by passing through the intercellular space surrounding the ovarian follicle cells and is then endocytosed into oocytes within yolk granules during the vitellogenic stages of oogenesis. Mutations that disrupt yolk uptake by oocytes inhibit vertical Spiroplasma transmission and lead to an accumulation of these bacteria outside the oocyte. Impairment of yolk secretion by the fat body results in Spiroplasma not reaching the oocyte and a severe reduction of vertical transmission. We propose a model in which Spiroplasma first interacts with yolk in the hemolymph to gain access to the oocyte and then uses the yolk receptor, Yolkless, to be endocytosed into the oocyte. Cooption of the yolk uptake machinery is a powerful strategy for endosymbionts to target the germ line and achieve vertical transmission. This mechanism may apply to other endosymbionts and provides a possible explanation for endosymbiont host specificity. IMPORTANCE: Most insect species, including important disease vectors and crop pests, harbor vertically transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria. Studies have shown that many facultative endosymbionts, including Spiroplasma, confer protection against different classes of parasites on their hosts and therefore are attractive tools for the control of vector-borne diseases. The ability to be efficiently transmitted from females to their offspring is the key feature shaping associations between insects and their inherited endosymbionts, but to date, little is known about the mechanisms involved. In oviparous animals, yolk accumulates in developing eggs and serves to meet the nutritional demands of embryonic development. Here we show that Spiroplasma coopts the yolk transport and uptake machinery to colonize the germ line and ensure efficient vertical transmission. The uptake of yolk is a female germ line-specific feature and therefore an attractive target for cooption by endosymbionts that need to maintain high-fidelity maternal transmission.

American Society for Microbiology2013

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Oestrogen receptor alpha AF-1 and AF-2 domains have cell population-specific functions in the mammary epithelium

Patrik Aouad, Dalya Ataca, Ayyakkannu Ayyanan, Cathrin Brisken, Stéphanie Cagnet, Valentina Scabia, Georgios Sflomos

Oestrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) is a transcription factor with ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activation functions (AF)-1 and -2. Oestrogens control postnatal mammary gland development acting on a subset of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), termed sensor cells, which are ER alpha-positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and secrete paracrine factors, which stimulate ER alpha-negative responder cells. Here we show that deletion of AF-1 or AF-2 blocks pubertal ductal growth and subsequent development because both are required for expression of essential paracrine mediators. Thirty percent of the luminal cells are ER alpha-negative by IHC but express Esr1 transcripts. This low level ER alpha expression through AF-2 is essential for cell expansion during puberty and growth-inhibitory during pregnancy. Cell-intrinsic ER alpha is not required for cell proliferation nor for secretory differentiation but controls transcript levels of cell motility and cell adhesion genes and a stem cell and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature identifying ER alpha as a key regulator of mammary epithelial cell plasticity.

NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP2018

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Alveolar and lactogenic differentiation

Cathrin Brisken, Renuga Devi Rajaram

The mouse mammary gland is a complex tissue that proliferates and differentiates under the control of systemic hormones during puberty, pregnancy and lactation. Once a highly branched milk duct system has been established, during mid/late pregnancy, alveoli, little saccular outpouchings, sprout all over the ductal system and differentiate to become the sites of milk secretion. Here, we review the emerging network of the signaling pathways that connects hormonal stimuli with locally produced signaling molecules and the components of intracellular pathways that regulate alveologenesis and lactation. The powerful tools of mouse genetics have been instrumental in uncovering many of the signaling components involved in controlling alveolar and lactogenic differentiation.

2006

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American Society for Microbiology2013