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HOX transcription factors determine the identity of body regions along the rostro-caudal axis during bilaterian embryogenesis. In vertebrates Hox genes distinctively lie organized in dense clusters, each typically composed of a dozen paralogous transcripti ...
Complex three-dimensional in vitro organ-like models, or organoids, offer a unique biological tool with distinct advantages over two-dimensional cell culture systems, which can be too simplistic, and animal models, which can be too complex and may fail to ...
A review. New generations of synthetic biomaterials are being developed at a rapid pace for use as three-dimensional extracellular microenvironments to mimic the regulatory characteristics of natural extracellular matrixes (ECMs) and ECM-bound growth facto ...
The complex secondary metabolite anachelin, isolated from the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, is believed to act as siderophore, facilitating iron uptake. Its structure is characterized by a fascinating blend of polyketide, peptide, and alka ...
Although stem cells hold tremendous potential for clinical applications, their in vitro manipulation remains very challenging. In vivo, stem cells reside in intricate 3D microenvironments, termed niche, in which many local and systemic extrinsic factors ar ...
It was in the first half of the 18th century when life sciences started to flourish in the independent republic of Geneva. However, it is difficult to identify a genuine school of developmental biologists during that era. Nevertheless, several prominent sc ...
Pigment in mammals is produced in melanocytes of the skin derived from the neural crest and in the pigmented epithelial cells of the retina derived from the optic cup. Tyrosinase (monophenol, L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) is regarded as the k ...
Vertebrate Hox genes are essential for the proper organization of the body plan during development. Inactivation of these genes usually leads to important alterations, or transformations, in the identities of the affected developing structures. Hox genes a ...
Background The evolution of embryological development has long been characterized by deep conservation. In animal development, the phylotypic stage in mid-embryogenesis is more conserved than either early or late stages among species within the same phylum ...
In this commentary, we join Ward (this issue) in the usefulness of conceptualizing neural output in terms of signal and noise relationships, to create the missing links between neural, behavioral and subjective sensory sensitivity. We draw from our work in ...
