CharginoIn particle physics, the chargino is a hypothetical particle which refers to the mass eigenstates of a charged superpartner, i.e. any new electrically charged fermion (with spin 1/2) predicted by supersymmetry. They are linear combinations of the charged wino and charged higgsinos. There are two charginos that are fermions and are electrically charged, which are typically labeled _Chargino 1+- (the lightest) and _Chargino 2+- (the heaviest), although sometimes and are also used to refer to charginos, when is used to refer to neutralinos.
Brisure de symétrieUne symétrie est brisée quand un système ou les lois qui régissent son comportement ne cessent d'être invariants sous la transformation associée à cette symétrie. On observe des brisures de symétrie en physique (de l'échelle microscopique jusqu'à celle de l'Univers), en chimie (dont de nombreuses transitions de phase) et en biologie (par exemple l'asymétrie gauche-droite chez les Bilatériens). Une symétrie est explicitement brisée lorsque la loi qui régit son comportement est modifiée et n'est plus invariante dû à une cause externe.
Corde (physique)En physique théorique, les cordes sont les objets principaux étudiés dans la théorie des cordes. Une corde est un objet unidimensionnel. Avec la théorie des cordes, les composantes de la matière les plus fondamentales de notre univers ne sont plus des particules, mais de minuscules cordes vibrantes d'une taille théorique de 10-35 m. Se propageant dans l'espace-temps, la surface bidimensionnelle engendrée par son déplacement, appelée feuillet d'univers ou surface d'univers, peut être comparée à la ligne d'univers engendrée par une particule ponctuelle.
GravitinoLe gravitino est le superpartenaire du graviton, prédit par la combinaison de la relativité générale et de la supersymétrie, c'est-à-dire les théories de la supergravité. S'il existe, c'est un fermion de spin 3/2 et qui obéit à l'équation de Rarita-Schwinger. Le gravitino peut être vu comme le fermion médiateur des interactions de la supergravité. Lorsque la supersymétrie est brisée dans les théories de la supergravité, il acquiert une masse qui émerge directement de la brisure spontanée de la supersymétrie.
String theory landscapeIn string theory, the string theory landscape (or landscape of vacua) is the collection of possible false vacua, together comprising a collective "landscape" of choices of parameters governing compactifications. The term "landscape" comes from the notion of a fitness landscape in evolutionary biology. It was first applied to cosmology by Lee Smolin in his book The Life of the Cosmos (1997), and was first used in the context of string theory by Leonard Susskind.
SuperspaceSuperspace is the coordinate space of a theory exhibiting supersymmetry. In such a formulation, along with ordinary space dimensions x, y, z, ..., there are also "anticommuting" dimensions whose coordinates are labeled in Grassmann numbers rather than real numbers. The ordinary space dimensions correspond to bosonic degrees of freedom, the anticommuting dimensions to fermionic degrees of freedom. The word "superspace" was first used by John Wheeler in an unrelated sense to describe the configuration space of general relativity; for example, this usage may be seen in his 1973 textbook Gravitation.
SuperchargeIn theoretical physics, a supercharge is a generator of supersymmetry transformations. It is an example of the general notion of a charge in physics. Supercharge, denoted by the symbol Q, is an operator which transforms bosons into fermions, and vice versa. Since the supercharge operator changes a particle with spin one-half to a particle with spin one or zero, the supercharge itself is a spinor that carries one half unit of spin.
SupermultipletIn theoretical physics, a supermultiplet is a representation of a supersymmetry algebra, possibly with extended supersymmetry. Then a superfield is a field on superspace which is valued in such a representation. Naïvely, or when considering flat superspace, a superfield can simply be viewed as a function on superspace. Formally, it is a section of an associated supermultiplet bundle. Phenomenologically, superfields are used to describe particles.
Spin representationIn mathematics, the spin representations are particular projective representations of the orthogonal or special orthogonal groups in arbitrary dimension and signature (i.e., including indefinite orthogonal groups). More precisely, they are two equivalent representations of the spin groups, which are double covers of the special orthogonal groups. They are usually studied over the real or complex numbers, but they can be defined over other fields. Elements of a spin representation are called spinors.
Extended supersymmetryIn theoretical physics, extended supersymmetry is supersymmetry whose infinitesimal generators carry not only a spinor index , but also an additional index where is integer (such as 2 or 4). Extended supersymmetry is also called , supersymmetry, for example. Extended supersymmetry is very important for analysis of mathematical properties of quantum field theory and superstring theory. The more extended supersymmetry is, the more it constrains physical observables and parameters.
