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Concept
Gapping
Résumé
In linguistics, gapping is a type of ellipsis that occurs in the non-initial conjuncts of coordinate structures. Gapping usually elides minimally a finite verb and further any non-finite verbs that are present. This material is "gapped" from the non-initial conjuncts of a coordinate structure. Gapping exists in many languages, but by no means in all of them, and gapping has been studied extensively and is therefore one of the more understood ellipsis mechanisms. Stripping is viewed as a particular manifestation of the gapping mechanism where just one remnant (instead of two or more) appears in the gapped/stripped conjunct.
Canonical examples of gapping have a true "gap", which means the elided material appears medially in the non-initial conjuncts, with a remnant to its left and a remnant to its right. The elided material of gapping in all the examples below is indicated with subscripts and a smaller font:
Some ate bread, and others ate rice.
Fred likes to pet the cat, and Sally likes to pet the dog.
Jim has been observed by me, and Tom has been observed by you.
In the first sentence, the second conjunct has the subject others, the object rice, but the verb has been 'gapped', that is, omitted. Gapping can span several verbs and nonfinite clause boundaries, as the second and third sentence illustrate, but it cannot apply across a finite clause boundary, as seen in the next sentence:
Sam said that they spoke German, and Charlene said that they spoke Spanish.
The star * indicates that the sentence is bad. Gapping is also incapable of operating backwards, which means that the antecedent to the gap must precede the gap. Attempts at gapping where the gap precedes its antecedent are quite bad, e.g.
He orders beer, and she orders wine.
While the canonical cases of gapping have medial gaps, the gap can also be discontinuous, e.g.
Should I call you, or should you call me?
Will Jimmy greet Jill first, or will Jill greet Jimmy first?
He believes her to know the answer, and she believes him to know the answer.
Source officielle
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