Économie mondiale | EPFL Graph Search

thumb|upright=1.5|Évolution du PIB de l'an 1 à l'année 2003, basé sur les données d'Angus Maddison vignette|370px|Évolution et prévision du PIB des principales puissances mondiales de 2003 à 2023 Par économie mondiale s'entend l'économie du monde pris dans son entier, le « marché de tout l'univers » comme disait déjà Sismondi. Dans une optique plus terrestre, l'économie mondiale peut être divisée en huit importantes catégories de marchés : Marchés financiers Marchés monétaires Marchés politiques Marchés militaires Marchés industriels Marchés commerciaux Marchés du travail Marchés du savoir Les contacts entre les deux extrémités de l'Eurasie remontent à des millénaires. Ceux-ci s'intensifient et contribuent à créer dès cette époque de véritables routes commerciales. Ainsi, la route de la soie et la recherche d'épices produites en Asie par l'Europe sont l'une des causes à l'origine du mouvement de globalisation de l'économie au Moyen Âge. La nature des objets échangés se modifie avec la révolution industrielle qui débute au Royaume-Uni au début du . En 1825, pour la première fois dans l'Histoire, la valeur ajoutée industrielle de ce pays dépasse celle de son agriculture. Mutation qui se produit ensuite en Prusse (1865), aux États-Unis (1869), en France (1875). Sur la période 1870-2005, les gains annuels de productivité dans les pays industrialisés varient autour d’une moyenne de 2,5 % par an (2,6 % pour la France, 2,1 % pour les États-Unis). Les conséquences sont considérables : croissance du PIB (multiplication d’un facteur d’environ 32 par heure travaillée en France et 16,5 aux États-Unis), réduction de 50 % environ de la durée moyenne du travail, élévation du niveau de vie global (multiplication par 16 en France). Sur la période 1980 à 2006, le PIB mondial est multiplié par 3. En Asie, par 4 (Inde et république populaire de Chine par 3), en Europe par 2. De 1991 à 2001, les exportations mondiales de produits manufacturés augmentent en moyenne de 6,3 % par an en volume tandis que le PIB mondial progresse de 2,3 % l'an.

Metropolitan Innovation Systems: Inquiry into the co-evolving relations between Industry, University and Government

Jiayun Shen

Innovation is crucial and decisive for the long-term development of a metropolitan region in the global economy. While firms certainly play a significant role in the development of specific innovation, the environment that nur-tures innovative firms and disseminates innovations in the economy involves a complex web of interactions among a range of actors, including firms, universities, and local governments. The performance of these actors, but also their interactions, have significant impacts on the overall innovation performance of the region. The great complexity of these interactions makes it challenging for many regions to strengthen the innovation per-formance of their areas. To address this challenge, the main innovation actors â ranging from firms and universi-ties to governments â have made great efforts to learn from the famous example of Silicon Valley. However, despite some self-promotion, almost all such efforts of these regions have failed. The root of this failure lies in the lack of holistic and historical view in the learning process and the lack of proper coordination among actors in the implementation process. The existing learning about the Silicon Valley model mostly focuses on the period since the 1970s when Silicon Valleyâs success has been widely acknowledged; and it provides static analysis by listing the key features of an already successful metropolitan innovation system. While such an approach cer-tainly helps with understanding, it could be misleading, since the actors often implement the lessons learned from the advanced stage that do not fit the current stage of the region. Hence, this thesis studies the 170 years of Silicon Valleyâs development to shed light on how the actors in the three institutional spheres interact and coordi-nate in the development process. Provided that the changed global environment and the different local cultures invite the additional issue of whether the learnings are applicable to the new contexts, three case studies have been conducted in this thesis â about Beijing, Shenzhen, and Hangzhou in China â over a time span of 70 years (from 1950 to 2020). These cases are then analyzed with the framework and theory grounded from the case of Silicon Valley. Synthesizing the analysis of the four selected cases, the development path of the Metropolitan Innovation System (MIS) in Beijing most closely resembles the Silicon Valley model, since both moved from a âlaissez-faireâ model to a balanced âTriple Helixâ model (where industry, university, and government have intensive interactions and play interwoven roles). The MIS in Shenzhen reveals a path that starts from the âstatistâ model, while the one in Hangzhou started with a semi-balanced Triple Helix model. The three paths converge in the sense of heading towards the balanced Triple Helix model and all three improve the interaction and coordination between the ac-tors in the three spheres in a process that ultimately creates an open and conducive environment. This includes the ability to attract high-quality talent and cognitive capital to the region. By providing thick-descriptions of the four cases and the tentative theory about the development of MIS, this the-sis contributes to the literature of innovation system, the Triple Helix model, and the New Institutional Economics, and contributes to practice by providing 20 recommendations for the actors in the three spheres.

EPFL2020

Metropolitan Innovation Systems: Inquiry into the co-evolving relations between Industry, University and Government

Jiayun Shen

EPFL2020