Psychological egoism

Psychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest and selfishness, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from so doing. This is a descriptive rather than normative view, since it only makes claims about how things are, not how they “ought to be” according to some. It is, however, related to several other normative forms of egoism, such as ethical egoism and rational egoism. A specific form of psychological egoism is psychological hedonism, the view that the ultimate motive for all voluntary human action is the desire to experience pleasure or to avoid pain. Immediate gratification can be sacrificed for a chance of greater, future pleasure. Further, humans are not motivated to strictly avoid pain and only pursue pleasure, but, instead, humans will endure pain to achieve the greatest net pleasure. Accordingly, all actions are tools for increasing pleasure or decreasing pain, even those defined as altruistic and those that do not cause an immediate change in satisfaction levels. The most famous psychological egoists are Sextus Empiricus, Pierre Bayle, and Bernard Mandeville. Some theorists explain behavior motivated by self-interest without using pleasure and pain as the final causes of behavior. Beginning with ancient philosophy, Epicureanism claims humans live to maximize pleasure. Epicurus argued the theory of human behavior being motivated by pleasure alone is evidenced from infancy to adulthood. Humanity performs altruistic, honorable, and virtuous acts not for the sake of another or because of a moral code but rather to increase the well-being of the self. In modern philosophy, Jeremy Bentham asserted, like Epicurus, that human behavior is governed by a need to increase pleasure and decrease pain. Bentham explicitly described what types and qualities of pain and pleasure exist, and how human motives are singularly explained using psychological hedonism.

À propos de ce résultat

Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.

Publications associées (2)

Concepts associés (11)

Cours associés (1)

Plaisir

vignette|Un moment de plaisir entre une mère et son enfant. Le plaisir est une sensation, agréable, recherchée et de courte durée, essentielle au fonctionnement du système de récompense (aussi appelé système hédonique) propre aux mammifères mais qui pourrait être partagée par d'autres vertébrés. Elle est indispensable à la survie de ces derniers car elle joue un rôle dans la motivation et la prise de risque les poussant à satisfaire leurs besoins vitaux de base et à quitter une situation qui leur est défavorable.

Rational egoism

Rational egoism (also called rational selfishness) is the principle that an action is rational if and only if it maximizes one's self-interest. As such, it is considered a normative form of egoism, though historically has been associated with both positive and normative forms. In its strong form, rational egoism holds that to not pursue one's own interest is unequivocally irrational. Its weaker form, however, holds that while it is rational to pursue self-interest, failing to pursue self-interest is not always irrational.

Self-interest

Self-interest generally refers to a focus on the needs or desires (interests) of one's self. Most times, actions that display self-interest are often performed without conscious knowing. A number of philosophical, psychological, and economic theories examine the role of self-interest in motivating human action. Individuals may have a self-serving bias towards their self-interest. Philosophical concepts concerned with self-interest include: Enlightened self-interest, a philosophy which states that acting to further the interests of others also serves one's own self-interest.

Students will develop an understanding of the psychological and social processes of learning the following competences: (i) ethical sensitivity, (ii) ethical reasoning, (iii) ethical motivation, and (

In recent years there has been a proliferation of privately owned sensing devices such as GPS devices, cameras, home weather stations and, more importantly, smart-phones. Most of these devices are either intrinsically mobile, e.g., smart-phones and GPS dev ...

EPFL2015

Stress during adolescence increases novelty seeking and risk-taking behavior in male and female rats

Maria del Carmen Sandi Perez

Adolescence is a period of major physical, hormonal, and psychological change. It is also characterized by a significant increase in the incidence of psychopathologies and this increase is gender-specific. Likewise, stress during adolescence is associated ...

2011