Proportional representation (PR) refers to a type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions (political parties) among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast - or almost all votes cast - contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone - not just a bare plurality or (exclusively) the majority - and that the system produces mixed, balanced representation reflecting how votes are cast.
In the context of voting systems, PR means that each representative in an assembly is elected by a roughly equal number of voters. In the common case of electoral systems that only allow a choice of parties, the seats are allocated in proportion to the vote share each party receives.
The term "proportional representation" may also be used to mean fair representation by population as applied to states, regions, etc. However, representation being proportional with respect solely to population size is not considered to make an electoral system "proportional" the way the term is usually used. For example, the US House of Representatives has 435 members, who each represent a roughly equal number of people and each state is allocated a number of members in accordance with its population size, thus producing fair representation by population. But members of the House are elected in single-member districts generally through first-past-the-post elections: single-winner contests are not proportional by vote share as each has only one winner. Conversely, PR electoral systems are typically proportional to both population (seats per set amount of population) and vote share (typically party-wise). The European Parliament gives each member state a number of seats roughly based on its population size (see degressive proportionality) and in each member state, the election must also be held using a PR system (with proportional results based on vote share).
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Ce cours entend exposer les fondements de la géométrie à un triple titre :
1/ de technique mathématique essentielle au processus de conception du projet,
2/ d'objet privilégié des logiciels de concept
This course is an introduction to the methodological issues of scientific research. The objective is to help doctoral students conduct a scientifically robust research.
Explore la classification et les applications pratiques des symétries dans l'espace 3D, en mettant l'accent sur la détermination par l'utilisateur des symétries d'objets.
S'inscrit dans le concept de division dans la raison extrême et moyenne (DEMR) et sa signification historique dans la géométrie.
Couvre le rang de matrice, le déterminant et la décomposition dans l'algèbre linéaire.
Proportional representation (PR) refers to a type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions (political parties) among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast - or almost all votes cast - contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone - not just a bare plurality or (exclusively) the majority - and that the system produces mixed, balanced representation reflecting how votes are cast.
Par opposition au gouvernement homogène, un gouvernement de coalition est un gouvernement formé par des représentants de plusieurs partis politiques. Un gouvernement de coalition est un gouvernement parlementaire constitué par des membres de plusieurs partis qui ont accepté de coopérer en formant une coalition. La raison habituelle d'un tel arrangement est qu'aucun parti seul n'a suffisamment de députés pour constituer une majorité au parlement.
lang=fr|alt=représentation visuelle du gerrymandering|vignette|Différentes manières de découper des circonscriptions électorales. Le (terme nord-américain, prononcé en français nord-américain), le découpage électoral partisan ou encore le charcutage électoral est le découpage des circonscriptions électorales ayant pour objectif de donner l’avantage à un parti, un candidat ou un groupe donné.
"I choose this restaurant because they have vegan sandwiches" could be a typical explanation we would expect from a human. However, current Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques are not able to provi
2021
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A method for achieving a representation of an object within a data structure for a Computer Aided Design system employing a Medial Axis Transformation (MAT), the representation of the object comprisin
2016
This research focuses on the premise that depiction is quintessential to the conception of an architectural project. The representation also provides insights regarding how the architects design the a