Négation par l'échecLa négation par l'échec (en anglais NAF pour negation as failure, ou NBF pour negation by failure) est une règle d'inférence non monotone en programmation logique, utilisée pour la dérivation de à partir de l'échec de la dérivation de . C'est une caractéristique importante de la programmation logique depuis les origines de Planner et de Prolog. En Prolog, la négation par l'échec est habituellement implémentée en utilisant les fonctionnalités non logiques du langage.
Liste en compréhensionEn programmation informatique, la syntaxe de certains langages de programmation permet de définir des listes en compréhension, c'est-à-dire des listes dont le contenu est défini par filtrage du contenu d'une autre liste selon un principe analogue à celui de la définition en compréhension de la théorie des ensembles. Cette construction syntaxique se distingue de la construction la plus courante dans les langages de programmation qui est de définir les listes par énumération de ses éléments.
Sémantique des modèles stablesLa sémantique des modèles stables est une sémantique déclarative en programmation logique utilisant la négation par l'échec. C'est l'une des nombreuses approches standard pour la signification de la négation dans la programmation logique, au côté de la terminaison de programme et de la sémantique bien fondée. La sémantique du modèle stable est à la base du langage de programmation déclarative Answer Set Programming (ASP).
Meta-circular evaluatorIn computing, a meta-circular evaluator (MCE) or meta-circular interpreter (MCI) is an interpreter which defines each feature of the interpreted language using a similar facility of the interpreter's host language. For example, interpreting a lambda application may be implemented using function application. Meta-circular evaluation is most prominent in the context of Lisp. A self-interpreter is a meta-circular interpreter where the interpreted language is nearly identical to the host language; the two terms are often used synonymously.
Map (higher-order function)In many programming languages, map is the name of a higher-order function that applies a given function to each element of a collection, e.g. a list or set, returning the results in a collection of the same type. It is often called apply-to-all when considered in functional form. The concept of a map is not limited to lists: it works for sequential containers, tree-like containers, or even abstract containers such as futures and promises. Suppose we have a list of integers [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] and would like to calculate the square of each integer.
Transaction logicTransaction Logic is an extension of predicate logic that accounts in a clean and declarative way for the phenomenon of state changes in logic programs and databases. This extension adds connectives specifically designed for combining simple actions into complex transactions and for providing control over their execution. The logic has a natural model theory and a sound and complete proof theory. Transaction Logic has a Horn clause subset, which has a procedural as well as a declarative semantics.
Constraint Handling RulesConstraint Handling Rules (CHR) is a declarative, rule-based programming language, introduced in 1991 by Thom Frühwirth at the time with European Computer-Industry Research Centre (ECRC) in Munich, Germany. Originally intended for constraint programming, CHR finds applications in grammar induction, type systems, abductive reasoning, multi-agent systems, natural language processing, compilation, scheduling, spatial-temporal reasoning, testing, and verification.
Answer set programmingL’answer set programming (ASP) est une forme de programmation déclarative adaptée aux problèmes de recherche combinatoires (par exemple, sudoku et coloration de graphes). Dans le contexte de la programmation logique, cette approche distingue deux types de négation — la négation par manque d'information, dite négation par défaut, et la négation forte ou négation logique. La négation par défaut permet de raisonner en l'absence d'information et rend l'ASP non monotone.
Higher-order programmingHigher-order programming is a style of computer programming that uses software components, like functions, modules or objects, as values. It is usually instantiated with, or borrowed from, models of computation such as lambda calculus which make heavy use of higher-order functions. A programming language can be considered higher-order if components, such as procedures or labels, can be used just like data. For example, these elements could be used in the same way as arguments or values.
Ciao (programming language)Ciao is a general-purpose programming language which supports logic, constraint, functional, higher-order, and object-oriented programming styles. Its main design objectives are high expressive power, extensibility, safety, reliability, and efficient execution. Ciao provides a full Prolog system (supporting ISO-Prolog), declarative subsets and extensions of Prolog, functional programming (including lazy evaluation), higher-order (with predicate abstractions), constraint programming, and objects, as well as feature terms (records), persistence, several control rules (breadth-first search, iterative deepening, .
