Pyrimidine | EPFL Graph Search

La pyrimidine (ou 1,3-diazine ) est une molécule azotée hétérocyclique aromatique (C4H4N2) voisine de la pyridine et comportant deux atomes d'azote. Elle est aussi isomère de position de la pyridazine (1,2-diazine) et la pyrazine (1,4-diazine). Dans un sens plus large, ses dérivés à bases pyrimidiques sont aussi appelés pyrimidines. Ils se retrouvent notamment dans les bases nucléiques constituant les molécules d'ADN et d'ARN : cytosine, thymine, uracile. Dans l'ADN ces bases forment des liaisons hydrogène avec leurs purines complémentaires : Fichier:Adenin.svg | {{Centrer|[[Adénine]] ('''A''')}} Fichier:Thymine skeletal.svg | {{Centrer|[[Thymine]] ('''T''')}} Fichier:Base pair AT.svg | {{Centrer|[[Paire de bases]] '''[[Adénine|A]]'''{{=}}'''[[Thymine|T]]'''}} Fichier:Guanin.svg | {{Centrer|[[Guanine]] ('''G''')}} Fichier:Cytosine chemical structure.png | {{Centrer|[[Cytosine]] ('''C''')}} Fichier:Base pair GC.svg | {{Centrer|[[Paire de bases]] '''[[Guanine|G]]'''≡'''[[Cytosine|C

The organometallic approach to the functionalization of five- and six-membered nitrogen heterocycles

Levente Ondi

The present thesis work concerns the preparation and optionally site selective functionalization of five- and six-membered nitrogen heterocycles and the investigation of atropisomerism of α,o-bis(methoxymethyl)-1-phenylindole. Mono- and disubstituted 2-bromo-3-fluoroquinolines can be converted into the 3-fluoroquinoline-2-carboxylic acids by consecutive halogen/metal permutation and into the 2-bromo-3-fluoroquinoline-4-carboxylic acids by consecutive deprotonation and carboxylation. These latter compounds can be reduced to afford the 3-fluoroquinoline-4-carboxylic acids. Rather than to introduce one functional group alternatively at the 2- and 4-position, one may also attach two different functional groups sequentially to both sites. An expedient route to all three monobrominated and all three dibrominated isomers of 4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine, and several other halogenated pyrimidines, is described. Pyrimid-5-yllithium species are fairly stable when the metal is flanked by two electron-withdrawing substituents such as trifluoromethyl and chlorine or bromine. Thus, introduction of a carboxy group into the 5-position of 4(6)-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine can be achieved by carboxylation of the corresponding lithio species. This later compound can readily obtained by either butyllithium mediated permutational halogen/metal interconversion of 5-bromo-6-chloro-4(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine or by reaction of 2,4-dibromo- or 2,4-dichloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine with an amide type base. In contrast, functionalization of 4(6)-(trifluoromethyl) pyrimidine at the 2- or 4-position is hampered by the low stability of the lithium species and by a permanently menacing side reaction which results bipyrimidine. Functionalization of 1-phenylindole selectively at the α- and ortho-position as well as simultaneously at both sites is accomplished by application of organometallic reagents. The analog bearing diastereotopic α,o-bis(methoxymethyl) group, prepared from the α,o-diformyl derivative, can serve as a "probe" for the evaluation of the activation barrier for free rotation by means dynamic 1H-NMR technique. When 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrazole is treated with either butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide, the substrate undergoes metalation at the exocyclic α-position but mutates to the 5-lithio species in the course of few minutes or hours. Trapping the intermediate with a rapidly reacting electrophile such as chlorotrimethylsilane or carbon dioxide offers a selective access to either of the two possible regioisomers. On the other hand, the relatively inert 1-iodobutane and butyl trifluoromethanesulfonate ("triflate") inevitably give rise to product mixture as the 5-lithio species is more slowly intercepted than it can revert to the α-metallomer by rapid dynamic equilibration process.

EPFL2005

Metal-bearing and trifluoromethyl-substituted pyrimidines: generation and functionalization

Levente Ondi

5-Pyrimidyllithium species are fairly stable when the metal is flanked by two electron-withdrawing substituents such as trifluoromethyl and chlorine or bromine. Thus, the corresponding 5-carboxylic acids are produced in high yields from 4,5-dibromo-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine and 5-bromo-4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine upon halogen/metal permutation accomplished with isopropylmagnesium chloride or butyllithium followed by carboxylation. Satisfactory or excellent yields of 5-carboxylic acids are equally obtained when 4-chloro-, 2,4-dichloro- and 2,4-dibromo-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine are deprotonated with lithium diisopropylamide before being allowed to react with dry ice. In contrast, consecutive treatment of 2-bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine and 2-chloro-5-iodo-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine with butyllithium affords the expected carboxylic acids in only poor yields and not even trace amts. of acid were detected when 4-bromo-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine served as the substrate. The formation of bipyrimidines, emerging from either one of two competing mechanistic pathways, is a permanently menacing side reaction. [on SciFinder (R)]

2006

Brominated 4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidines: A convenient access to versatile intermediates

Levente Ondi

An expedient route to all three monobrominated and all three dibrominated isomers of 4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine, and to several other halogenated pyrimidines, is described. Key steps are the electrophilic introduction of the halogen in the 5-position of 2- or 4-pyrimidinones, the bromodeoxygenation of pyrimidinones or thiopyrimidinones using phosphorus tribromide, and the partial debromination of dibromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidines. [on SciFinder (R)]

2004

The organometallic approach to the functionalization of five- and six-membered nitrogen heterocycles

Levente Ondi

EPFL2005