Président des États-Unis

Résumé

Le président des États-Unis d'Amérique (en President of the United States of America, parfois abrégé par l'acronyme POTUS ou PUS) est le chef du pouvoir exécutif, pouvoir prévu par la Constitution des États-Unis aux côtés des pouvoirs législatif et judiciaire du gouvernement fédéral. Selon la Constitution, il est également le commandant en chef des forces armées. Le président des États-Unis actuellement en fonction est Joe Biden depuis le . Il existe un système complexe de freins et contrepoids (checks and balances) visant à assurer l'équilibre de ces trois pouvoirs. C'est ainsi que le président sélectionne les candidats aux postes gouvernementaux membres ou non du cabinet (exécutif) mais leur nomination dépend du Sénat (législatif). Il en va de même pour les juges de la Cour suprême (judiciaire). Inversement, le Congrès (législatif) dispose d'un droit d'opposition (majorité des deux tiers de la Chambre des représentants et du Sénat) à un véto du président. Il peut aussi engager u

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis

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Filipino architect Leandro Valencia Locsin (Silay1928 - Makati 1994) produced an architectural work that involved 250 projects, of which at least more than half were completed and mostly in his country of origin. A graduate in architecture of San Tomas de Manila University in 1953, his career began after the Second World War, which left the capital city all but destroyed following airstrikes by the allies that served to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese occupying forces. Following his studies, Locsin is immediately solicited with requests which leads him to open his office and give up the idea of completing his graduate studies in one of the prestigious American universities, which at the time had welcomed great masters who had sought exile from Europe to the United States in the 1930s. For a member of a privileged social class, this atypical career path makes Locsin a singular figure in the architectural landscape as he will immediately focus his interest on questioning the specificity of Filipino architecture. In a 1989 interview, Locsin confirms his career-long interest in researching the boundaries between local culture and international influences. The study of the vernacular tradition in his country will orient his work towards defining certain architectural principles to allow for the emergence of a new contemporary Filipino architecture. The post-war period, involving innovations in technical resources and favorable political and economic conditions for urban development, will serve to render all the more complex a body of work that is difficult to apprehend and qualify. In a 1964 text, Locsin refers to the elusive identity of the Filipino architectural spirit which, according to him, is the result of an assimilation of various external influences, given the geographic positioning of the Philippines and its colonial past. His work never ceased to reflect this quest for identity in built representations. While Leandro V. Locsin has been called "the poet of space" for the quality of his projects characterized by a great attention given to the sense of space, abstraction, symmetry, proportion, and materiality linked to the use of concrete and traditional materials his work has never been the subject of a complete study. Few scientific contributions exist and remain partial, in that they focus on certain specificities of his production. Further, there are no studies that offer a complete review of his office archives, a necessary step towards uncovering and highlighting the unique characteristics of a multiform production. The objective of this dissertation is to provide a complete overview of the work of Leandro V. Locsin, notably through a survey of his projects, and an analysis of the condition of their production in a local and international context, in order to render explicit the specific qualities that make this work a unique example of architecture of the period and from the Philippines.

EPFL2018

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Bridging the gap from test rooms to field-tests for human indoor comfort studies: A critical review of the sustainability potential of living laboratories

Mengdi Kong, Dusan Licina

Occupants play a key role in determining final building energy consumption. Empirical evidence must support occupants' modelling. Experiments on human responses to Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) are usually performed in test rooms or as in-field monitoring. Between these two approaches, living laboratories, often abbreviated as living labs, represent a valid alternative due to their resemblance to real-world settings. This allows observing actual behaviours while keeping the capability to reliably monitor and control the indoor environment. This work systematically reviewed the available information from 34 living labs for human comfort studies worldwide to define the scope, characteristics, and significance of living labs, for the first time. Most of the reviewed living labs are office environments, and only a few do not involve a university research institution in their operation and management. Most of them are in Europe and the United States, whereas there is a lack of such facilities in other locations and climate zones (e.g., tropics). A larger number of comfort studies in living labs is required to clarify the differences in the knowledge acquired in these experiments compared to in-field and laboratory ones. The review shows that living labs add opportunities for testing and optimizing in-novations in human-centric solutions for comfortable green buildings. Through the living labs approach it is possible to holistically capture the influence of IEQ on occupant perception and the related response, to gather data on larger and more diverse groups of people, and to conduct multi-domain comfort studies involving multidisciplinary approaches given their real-life settings.

ELSEVIER2022

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This paper has been prepared for the Global Agenda Council of the World Economic Forum. It addresses the issue of the shift toward reduced entrepreneurial dynamism in Europe as well as in the United States. The paper starts from a few insights about “the decline of innovation” in Western Economies and argues for establishing new institutions for an economy of entrepreneurs and fast movers.

EPFL - MTEI2011

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EPFL2018