Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Often, there may be no symptoms. Signs and symptoms, when present, may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, bleeding after sex, or irregular menstruation. Untreated PID can result in long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer.
The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix. While it has been reported that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases, the strong association of PID with these infections is often a misconception. In the UK it is reported by the NHS that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are responsible for only a quarter of PID cases. Often, multiple different bacteria are involved.
Without treatment, about 10 percent of those with a chlamydial infection and 40 percent of those with a gonorrhea infection will develop PID. Risk factors are generally similar to those of sexually transmitted infections and include a high number of sexual partners and drug use. Vaginal douching may also increase the risk. The diagnosis is typically based on the presenting signs and symptoms. It is recommended that the disease be considered in all women of childbearing age who have lower abdominal pain. A definitive diagnosis of PID is made by finding pus involving the fallopian tubes during surgery. Ultrasound may also be useful in diagnosis.
Efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few sexual partners and using condoms. Screening women at risk for chlamydial infection followed by treatment decreases the risk of PID. If the diagnosis is suspected, treatment is typically advised. Treating a woman's sexual partners should also occur.
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Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and are often beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. By contrast, several thousand species are part of the gut flora present in the digestive tract.
La gynécologie (composé de gynéco- , du grec ancien « femme », et de -logie, de « discours », étymologiquement « science, étude de la femme ») est une spécialité médico-chirurgicale qui s'occupe de la physiologie et des maladies de l'appareil génital féminin. Le médecin spécialisé pratiquant la gynécologie s'appelle un gynécologue. Cette spécialité peut aussi être pratiquée par une sage-femme. La spécialité des aspects médicaux pour les hommes s'appelle quant à elle l'andrologie.
La grossesse extra-utérine (GEU), ou grossesse ectopique, est une grossesse se développant hors de l'utérus. La très grande majorité des grossesses extra-utérines sont des grossesses dans la trompe de Fallope ou grossesses tubaires. La grossesse extra-utérine justifie une urgence chirurgicale dans sa forme rompue. Son diagnostic est de plus en plus précoce permettant d'éviter sa rupture et la mise en jeu du pronostic vital et permettant un traitement non chirurgical sous certaines conditions strictes.
Explore l'anatomie microscopique du système reproducteur féminin, en se concentrant sur les variations de l'utérus, du col de l'utérus et de la glaire cervicale.
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