OSTM/Jason-2OSTM/Jason-2, or Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason-2 satellite, was an international Earth observation satellite altimeter joint mission for sea surface height measurements between NASA and CNES. It was the third satellite in a series started in 1992 by the NASA/CNES TOPEX/Poseidon mission and continued by the NASA/CNES Jason-1 mission launched in 2001. Like its two predecessors, OSTM/Jason-2 used high-precision ocean altimetry to measure the distance between the satellite and the ocean surface to within a few centimeters.
Falcon 9 Full ThrustFalcon 9 Full Thrust (also known as Falcon 9 v1.2, with variants Block 1 to Block 5) is a partially reusable medium-lift launch vehicle, designed and manufactured by SpaceX. Designed in 2014–2015, Falcon 9 Full Thrust began launch operations in December 2015. As of , Falcon 9 Full Thrust had performed launches without any failures. Based on the Lewis point estimate of reliability, this rocket is the most reliable orbital launch vehicle currently in operation.
Falcon 9 first-stage landing testsThe Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests were a series of controlled-descent flight tests conducted by SpaceX between 2013 and 2016. Since 2017, the first stage of Falcon 9 missions has been routinely landed if the rocket performance allowed it, and if SpaceX chose to recover the stage. The program's objective was to reliably execute controlled re-entry, descent and landing (EDL) of the Falcon 9 first stage into Earth's atmosphere after the stage completes the boost phase of an orbital spaceflight.
Falcon 9 flight 20Falcon 9 flight 20 (also known as Orbcomm OG2 M2) was a Falcon 9 space launch that occurred on 22 December 2015 at 01:29:00 UTC (21 December, 8:29:00 pm local time). It was the first time that the first stage of an orbital rocket made a successful return and vertical landing. The successful landing of the first stage at Landing Zone 1, near the launch site, was the result of a five-year technology development program to develop a reusable launch system and came on a flight test that followed the primary launch mission.
Jason-1Jason-1 was a satellite altimeter oceanography mission. It sought to monitor global ocean circulation, study the ties between the ocean and the atmosphere, improve global climate forecasts and predictions, and monitor events such as El Niño and ocean eddies. Jason-1 was launched in 2001 and it was followed by OSTM/Jason-2 in 2008, and Jason-3 in 2016 - the Jason satellite series. Jason-1 was launched alongside the TIMED spacecraft.
Ocean surface topographyOcean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a topographic map. These variations are expressed in terms of average sea surface height (SSH) relative to Earth's geoid. The main purpose of measuring ocean surface topography is to understand the large-scale ocean circulation. Unaveraged or instantaneous sea surface height (SSH) is most obviously affected by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on Earth.
Satellite geodesySatellite geodesy is geodesy by means of artificial satellites—the measurement of the form and dimensions of Earth, the location of objects on its surface and the figure of the Earth's gravity field by means of artificial satellite techniques. It belongs to the broader field of space geodesy. Traditional astronomical geodesy is not commonly considered a part of satellite geodesy, although there is considerable overlap between the techniques.
Falcon 9vignette|Schéma comparant les différentes versions des Falcon 9 développés par SpaceX. Le Falcon 9 est un lanceur spatial moyen/lourd partiellement réutilisable développé par la société américaine SpaceX dont la dernière version peut placer une charge utile de en orbite basse ou de en orbite de transfert géostationnaire. Le premier tir a eu lieu le . L'objectif de SpaceX est de fournir un lanceur permettant d'abaisser fortement le prix des mises en orbite grâce à des coûts de fabrication modérés, et à la récupération et la réutilisation des étages.
Élévation du niveau de la merL' est un phénomène observable au niveau mondial depuis le début du , qui résulte du réchauffement climatique. Le niveau moyen des océans augmente de entre 1901 et 2018, la moitié de cette hausse étant observée après 1980. Le rythme annuel, en 2020, est estimé à plus de par an. Les mesures sont effectuées principalement par deux moyens : les marégraphes, installations fixes à terre, et l'altimétrie satellitaire. Le niveau des océans est lié au climat et plus précisément à la température moyenne à la surface de la Terre.
