Promoteur (biologie) | EPFL Graph Search

Un promoteur, ou séquence promotrice, est une région de l'ADN située à proximité d'un gène et indispensable à la transcription de l'ADN en ARN. Le promoteur est la zone de l'ADN sur laquelle se fixe initialement l'ARN polymérase, avant de démarrer la synthèse de l'ARN. Les séquences promotrices sont en général situées en amont du site de démarrage de la transcription. Un promoteur est aussi constitué de plusieurs séquences régulatrices de l'expression du gène, soit spécifiques à un tissu ou groupe de tissus, soit ubiquitaires, c'est-à-dire les mêmes pour tous les tissus. Au niveau du gène on trouve aussi des fonctions protéiques ou fonctions de transcription qui interagissent avec ces séquences régulatrices pour moduler l'expression du gène. Le promoteur se trouve avant l'exon 1. La fixation et l'activation de l'ARN polymérase sont contrôlées par des facteurs de transcription (éléments trans-régulateurs) qui se fixent au niveau de séquences cis-régulatrices spécifiques classiquement

Systematic analysis of biomolecular binding reactions using microfluidic systems

Amir Shahein

Transcription factor binding to a single binding site on DNA and its functional consequence in a promoter context are beginning to be relatively well understood. However, binding to clusters of sites has yet to be characterized in depth, and the functional relevance of binding site clusters remains uncertain. We employed a high-throughput biochemical method to characterize transcription factor binding to clusters varying across a range of affinities and configurations. We found that transcription factors can bind concurrently to overlapping sites, challenging the notion of binding exclusivity. Furthermore, compared to an individual high-affinity binding site, small clusters with binding sites an order of magnitude lower in affinity give rise to higher mean occupancies at physiologically-relevant transcription factor concentrations in vitro. To assess whether the observed in vitro occupancies translate to transcriptional activation in vivo, we tested low-affinity binding site clusters by inserting them into a synthetic minimal CYC1 and the native PHO5 S. cerevisiae promoter. In the minCYC1 promoter, clusters of low-affinity binding sites can generate transcriptional output comparable to a promoter containing three consensus binding sites. In the PHO5 promoter, replacing the native Pho4 binding sites with clusters of low-affinity binding sites recovered activation of these promoters as well. This systematic characterization demonstrates that clusters of low-affinity binding sites achieve substantial occupancies, and that this occupancy can drive expression in eukaryotic promoters. In the antibody discovery phase, before advancing a particular antibody sequence to clinical trials, a large number of candidates are characterized for properties of therapeutic interest. Above all, this includes their ability to bind to the target antigen. Standard processes currently in use to characterize antibody binding are either only semi-quantitative (ELISA), or low-throughput (SPR). We developed an experimental process to first retrieve DNA encoding promising synthetic antibody variants directly from the output pools of phage and ribosome display methods, followed by expressing these variants on a microfluidic chip for characterization in a fluorescence-based binding assay. We applied our method to characterize the binding of retrieved Sybody variants against the Spike trimer and RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 variant. After an initial proof-of-concept, we improved our method by removing bottlenecks, reducing costs, and incorporating a large degree of process automation to enable measuring binding affinities at scale.

EPFL2022

A Tale of Two Tumors: Unraveling the Complexities of Epigenetic Dysregulation in Cancer

Maria Christine Donaldson

Epigenetics plays an important role in cancer development and progression. Cancer cells hijack the epigenome by modifying the histone protein units responsible for packaging DNA, or by modifying the DNA itself, resulting in changes to chromatin topology and transcriptional programming within the cell. In this thesis, I report our investigation to uncover the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and how epigenetic control of transcriptional programming goes awry in cancer. We investigate these processes in two separate contexts. In our first study, we investigate the mechanisms by which EZH2 oncogenic mutations alter structure and function of topologically associating domains in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The process of chromatin folding leads to a systematic arrangement of hierarchical structural and regulatory elements found within the nucleus. A topologically associating domain (TAD) is a regulatory unit of self interacting DNA, where the transcription of the genes within a TAD is usually dictated by the presence of active (H3K36me3) or inactive (H3K27me3) histone marks. In cancer, the somatic point mutation in EZH2Y646X leads to a genome wide increase in H3K27me3, associated with transcriptional repression. While this alteration leads to changes in the global epigenetic status of the cell, its impact on chromatin organization and TAD-related function remain unclear. By combining transcriptomics and epigenetics with analyses of chromatin structure, we demonstrate a functional interplay between TADs and the epigenetic and transcriptional program of the genes found within them. This balance is altered by EZH2Y646X, leading to the synergistic silencing of entire domains directly targeting cell differentiation and tumor suppressive programs. A closer look reveals that the silencing of tumor suppressive TADs are coupled with structural modifications and changes in promoter interactions within EZH2Y646X target TAD6.139. Impressively, the TADâs transcriptional and epigenetic programs are restored by pharmacological inhibition of EZH2Y646X. Our results indicate that EZH2Y646X alters the topology and function of chromatin domains to promote synergistic oncogenic programs. In our second study, we dissect the epigenetic, transcriptomic, and metabolic signaling dependencies using a novel model of central nervous system primitive neural ectodermal tumors (CNS-PNETs). Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the leading cause of cancer-associated death in children. Primitive neural-ectodermal tumors (CNS-PNETs) are a particularly aggressive subtype of embryonal CNS-tumor, with a five-year overall survival rate in less than 50% of patients. Despite sharing a similar cell of origin of other CNS tumors, CNS-PNETs have a different anatomical location, unique genetic and epigenetic features, and significantly worse clinical outcome. In addition, a lack of in vivo models for studying CNS tumors challenges the opportunity to dissect the genetic variables that underlie the origin of these tumors. We developed a novel CNS-PNET mouse model, called CNS-NPCs, using neural progenitor cells derived from human-iPS cells. Through histological, DNA methylation, and RNA sequencing analyses, we find that the CNS-NPC model recapitulates the the morphologic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic features of primary CNS-PNETs. In addition, through in vivo metabolic analyses of CNS-NPCs and the patient derived cell line, PFSK-1, we identified dysregulation in the neurotransmitter...

EPFL2019