Clause lockéenne

The Lockean proviso is a feature of John Locke's labor theory of property which states that whilst individuals have a right to homestead private property from nature by working on it, they can do so only "at least where there is enough, and as good, left in common for others". Nor was this appropriation of any parcel of land, by improving it, any prejudice to any other man, since there was still enough and as good left, and more than the yet unprovided could use. So that, in effect, there was never the less left for others because of his enclosure for himself. For he that leaves as much as another can make use of, does as good as take nothing at all. Nobody could think himself injured by the drinking of another man, though he took a good draught, who had a whole river of the same water left him to quench his thirst. And the case of land and water, where there is enough of both, is perfectly the same. The phrase Lockean proviso was coined by libertarian political philosopher Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State, and Utopia. It is based on the ideas elaborated by John Locke in his Second Treatise of Government, namely that self-ownership allows a person the freedom to mix his or her labor with natural resources, converting common property into private property. Locke concludes that people need to be able to protect the resources they are using to live on their property and that this is a natural right. Nozick used this idea to form his Lockean proviso which governs the initial acquisition of property in a society, but in order for his ideas of ownership of property to get off the ground and be cogent he devised the criterion to determine what makes property acquisition just, which is the proviso. The proviso says that although every appropriation of property is a diminution of another's rights to it, it is acceptable as long as it does not make anyone worse off than they would have been without any private property. Locke's proviso has been used by Georgists, socialists, and Basic Income advocates to point to land acquisition as illegitimate without compensation.

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Concepts associés (19)

Clause lockéenne

vignette|Le philosophe anglais John Locke (1632-1704). La « clause lockéenne » est une condition pour que l'appropriation des ressources naturelles soit juste. Elle a été dégagée par Robert Nozick à partir de son étude de John Locke, lequel écrit que lorsque quelqu'un s'approprie un objet, il doit en rester « suffisamment et en qualité aussi bonne en commun pour les autres » . Par exemple, quelqu'un n'a pas le droit de s'approprier l'unique source d'eau dans un désert.

Libertarianisme

vignette|Manifestation du Tea Party, un mouvement libertarien américain, en septembre 2009 à Washington Le libertarianisme, aussi appelé libertarisme, est une philosophie politique développée aux États-Unis. Elle repose sur l'idée qu'une société juste respecte et protège la liberté de chaque individu. Le libertarianisme repose sur l'émancipation qui s'oppose à l'assujettissement, d'où découlent une philosophie et une organisation de la vie en société permettant à chaque individu de jouir d'un maximum de liberté.

Homestead principle

The homestead principle is the principle by which one gains ownership of an unowned natural resource by performing an act of original appropriation. Appropriation could be enacted by putting an unowned resource to active use (as with using it to produce some product), joining it with previously acquired property or by marking it as owned (as with livestock branding). Proponents of intellectual property hold that ideas can also be homesteaded by originally creating a virtual or tangible representation of them.