Non-epileptic seizure

Non-epileptic seizures (NES), also known as non-epileptic events, are paroxysmal events that appear similar to an epileptic seizure but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of neurons in the brain. Symptoms may include shaking, loss of consciousness, and loss of bladder control. They may or may not be caused by either physiological or psychological conditions. Physiological causes include fainting, sleep disorders, and heart arrhythmias. Psychological causes are known as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Diagnosis may be based on the history of the event and physical examination with support from heart testing and an EEG. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) define an epileptic seizure as "a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain." Convulsive or non-convulsive seizures can occur in someone who does not have epilepsy – as a consequence of head injury, drug overdose, toxins, eclampsia or febrile convulsions. A provoked (or an un-provoked, or an idiopathic) seizure must generally occur twice before a person is diagnosed with epilepsy. When used on its own, the term seizure usually refers to an epileptic seizure. The lay use of this word can also include sudden attacks of illness, loss of control, spasm or stroke. Where the physician is uncertain as to the diagnosis, the medical term paroxysmal event and the lay terms spells, funny turns or attacks may be used. Convulsions Crying out or making a noise Stiffening Jerky, rhythmic or twitching motions Falling down Loss of consciousness Confusion after returning to consciousness Loss of bladder control Biting the tongue Possible causes include: Syncope (fainting) Reflex anoxic seizures Breath-holding spells of childhood Cataplexy Hyperekplexia, also called startle syndrome Migraine Narcolepsy Non-epileptic myoclonus Opsoclonus Parasomnias, including night terrors Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia Repetitive or ritualistic behaviours Tics Hypoglycemia A wide array of phenomena may or may not resemble epileptic seizures, which may lead to people who do not have epilepsy being misdiagnosed.