MéningiteLa est une maladie caractérisée par une inflammation des méninges, les enveloppes du névraxe (encéphale et moelle spinale). Cette inflammation peut être due à une infection par un virus ou une bactérie par exemple, et moins souvent par un médicament. La méningite peut menacer le pronostic vital en raison de la proximité immédiate de l'encéphale ; il s'agit d'une urgence. C'est essentiellement le fait des méningites bactériennes, plus rares, tandis que les méningites virales, plus fréquentes, sont en principe bénignes.
Skull fractureA skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as a result of blunt force trauma. If the force of the impact is excessive, the bone may fracture at or near the site of the impact and cause damage to the underlying structures within the skull such as the membranes, blood vessels, and brain.
BruiseA bruise, also known as a contusion, is a type of hematoma of tissue, the most common cause being capillaries damaged by trauma, causing localized bleeding that extravasates into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Most bruises occur close enough to the epidermis such that the bleeding causes a visible discoloration. The bruise then remains visible until the blood is either absorbed by tissues or cleared by immune system action. Bruises which do not blanch under pressure can involve capillaries at the level of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone.
Head injuryA head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain. The terms traumatic brain injury and head injury are often used interchangeably in the medical literature. Because head injuries cover such a broad scope of injuries, there are many causes—including accidents, falls, physical assault, or traffic accidents—that can cause head injuries. The number of new cases is 1.7 million in the United States each year, with about 3% of these incidents leading to death.
ConcussionA concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness; memory loss; headaches; difficulty with thinking, concentration, or balance; nausea; blurred vision; dizziness; sleep disturbances, and mood changes. Any of these symptoms may begin immediately, or appear days after the injury. Concussion should be suspected if a person indirectly or directly hits their head and experiences any of the symptoms of concussion.
Crânevignette|right|300px|Crâne en 3D d'un autochtone qui aurait vécu dans la zone de Descalvado au Brésil. Le crâne est une structure osseuse ou cartilagineuse de la tête, caractéristique des crâniates (dont font partie les vertébrés). Le rôle principal du crâne est de protéger le système nerveux central qu'il entoure, il sert aussi de points d'attache à des muscles du visage et du cou. Le crâne est composé de deux parties : le neurocrâne (ou boîte crânienne) et le splanchnocrâne (ou viscérocrâne, ou crâne facial).
