Épicurismevignette|Épicure (342-270). L'épicurisme est un courant issu de la philosophie antique ayant pour objectif principal l'atteinte du bonheur par la satisfaction des seuls désirs « naturels et nécessaires ». C'est une doctrine matérialiste et atomiste qui peut être soit qualifiée d'hédonisme raisonné, soit d'eudémonisme. L'épicurisme est issu de l'école du Jardin, fondée dans un petit jardin à Athènes par Épicure en 306 av. J.-C., et est de ce fait aussi appelé « doctrine d'Épicure » ou « philosophie du Jardin ».
Aristippe le JeuneAristippe le Jeune ou le Métrodidacte (en grec ancien Ἀρίστιππος / Aristippos), né vers 380 et mort vers 300 av. J.-C., est un philosophe grec de l'école cyrénaïque. Aristippe le Jeune, né à Cyrène vers -380, était le petit-fils du philosophe Aristippe de Cyrène. Cyrène était une colonie grecque sur la côte septentrionale de l’Afrique, pays riche pour l’élevage des chevaux et point d’arrivée des caravanes d’Afrique amenant le sel et l’ivoire. Il fut éduqué par sa mère, la philosophe Arété de Cyrène, qui brilla à la cour syracusaine - d’où son surnom : μητροδίδακτος.
PyrrhonismPyrrhonism is an Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism which rejects dogma and advocates the suspension of judgement over the truth of all beliefs. It was founded by Aenesidemus in the first century BCE, and said to have been inspired by the teachings of Pyrrho and Timon of Phlius in the fourth century BCE. Pyrrhonism is best known today through the surviving works of Sextus Empiricus, writing in the late second century or early third century CE.
EudaimoniaEudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία eu̯dai̯moníaː; juːdɪˈmoʊniə), sometimes anglicized as eudaemonia or eudemonia, is a Greek word literally translating to the state or condition of 'good spirit', and which is commonly translated as 'happiness' or 'welfare'. In works of Aristotle, eudaimonia was the term for the highest human good in older Greek tradition. It is the aim of practical philosophy-prudence, including ethics and political philosophy, to consider and experience what this state really is, and how it can be achieved.
Philosophical skepticismPhilosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge. It differs from other forms of skepticism in that it even rejects very plausible knowledge claims that belong to basic common sense. Philosophical skeptics are often classified into two general categories: Those who deny all possibility of knowledge, and those who advocate for the suspension of judgment due to the inadequacy of evidence.
Ethical egoismIn ethical philosophy, ethical egoism is the normative position that moral agents ought to act in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds that it is rational to act in one's self-interest. Ethical egoism holds, therefore, that actions whose consequences will benefit the doer are ethical. Ethical egoism contrasts with ethical altruism, which holds that moral agents have an obligation to help others.
