Réciprocité socialeEn psychologie sociale, la réciprocité sociale se définit au sein des interactions sociales comme la capacité de l'individu à interagir et à maintenir des échanges sociaux mutuels. Elle commence dans l'enfance et se construit au fur et à mesure de la vie, rendant possible la construction de relation et facilitant les échanges sociaux continus. En tant que norme sociale, la réciprocité implique qu'en réponse à des actes amicaux, les individus sont fréquemment plus agréables et coopératifs que prédirait le modèle d'intérêt personnel.
AmitiéL’amitié est une inclination réciproque entre plusieurs personnes n'appartenant pas à la même famille. Elle peut exister entre frères et sœurs par delà les liens de sang. Parfois c'est une amitié de groupe. La relation d'amitié est aujourd'hui définie comme une sympathie durable entre deux ou plusieurs personnes n’ayant aucune attirance physique ou psychique. Elle naîtrait notamment de la découverte d'affinités ou de points communs : plus les centres d'intérêt communs sont nombreux, plus l'amitié a de chances de devenir forte.
Effet acteur-observateurActor–observer asymmetry (also actor–observer bias) is a bias one makes when forming attributions about the behavior of others or themselves. When people judge their own behavior, they are more likely to attribute their actions to the particular situation than to their personality. However, when an observer is explaining the behavior of another person, they are more likely to attribute this behavior to the actors' personality rather than to situational factors.
Group conflictGroup conflict, or hostilities between different groups, is a feature common to all forms of human social organization (e.g., sports teams, ethnic groups, nations, religions, gangs), and also occurs in social animals. Although group conflict is one of the most complex phenomena studied by social scientists, the history of the human race evidences a series of group-level conflicts that have gained notoriety over the years. For example, from 1820 to 1945, it has been estimated that at least 59 million persons were killed during conflicts between groups of one type or another.
Self-perception theorySelf-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude formation developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes (when there is no previous attitude due to a lack of experience, etc.—and the emotional response is ambiguous) by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is that attitudes determine behaviors. Furthermore, the theory suggests that people induce attitudes without accessing internal cognition and mood states.
Social projectionIn social psychology, social projection is the psychological process through which an individual expects behaviors or attitudes of others to be similar to their own. Social projection occurs between individuals as well as across ingroup and outgroup contexts in a variety of domains. Research has shown that aspects of social categorization affect the extent to which social projection occurs. Cognitive and motivational approaches have been used to understand the psychological underpinnings of social projection as a phenomenon.
Formation d'impressionLa formation d'impression est le processus psychologique permettant à un individu de se former une impression globale des capacités et de la personnalité d'autrui. Pour se former une impression, il est possible de se baser sur des informations propres à l'individu (apparence, comportement, etc.) ou à son groupe d'appartenance (stéréotypes, préjugés, etc.), c'est-à-dire catégorielles. Solomon Asch fait partie des premiers auteurs à s’être intéressés à la formation d’impression.
Choice-supportive biasChoice-supportive bias or post-purchase rationalization is the tendency to retroactively ascribe positive attributes to an option one has selected and/or to demote the forgone options. It is part of cognitive science, and is a distinct cognitive bias that occurs once a decision is made. For example, if a person chooses option A instead of option B, they are likely to ignore or downplay the faults of option A while amplifying or ascribing new negative faults to option B.
