Système ventriculaire

Résumé

thumb|250 px|Schéma montrant l'anatomie du système ventriculaire et son emplacement dans le cerveau. thumb|250 px|Dessin du système de cavités, vue d'en dessous. Le système ventriculaire est un ensemble de cavités situées à l'intérieur du cerveau en continuité avec le canal de l'épendyme (ou canal central) de la moelle spinale. Il participe à la sécrétion et à la circulation du liquide cérébrospinal (ou céphalorachidien) où baigne le système nerveux central. Il est constitué principalement de quatre ventricules :

ventricule latéral droit (situé dans l'hémisphère cérébral droit) ;
ventricule latéral gauche (situé dans l'hémisphère cérébral gauche) ;
troisième ventricule (situé dans le diencéphale) ;
quatrième ventricule (situé dans le rhombencéphale).

Chacun de ces ventricules est tapissé d'un plexus choroïde qui sécrète le liquide cérébrospinal à partir des éléments contenus dans le plasma sanguin. Les ventricules communiquent entre eux :

entre les ventricules latéraux e

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_ventriculaire

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The segmentation of MR images of the neonatal brain is an essential step in the study and evaluation of infant brain development. State-of-the-art methods for adult brain MRI segmentation are not applicable to the neonatal brain, due to large differences in structure and tissue properties between newborn and adult brains. Existing newborn brain MRI segmentation methods either rely on manual interaction or require the use of atlases or templates, which unavoidably introduces a bias of the results towards the population that was used to derive the atlases. We propose a different approach for the segmentation of neonatal brain MRI, based on the infusion of high-level brain morphology knowledge, regarding relative tissue location, connectivity and structure. Our method does not require manual interaction, or the use of an atlas, and the generality of its priors makes it applicable to different neonatal populations, while avoiding atlas-related bias. The proposed algorithm segments the brain both globally (intracranial cavity, cerebellum, brainstem and the two hemispheres) and at tissue level (cortical and subcortical gray matter, myelinated and unmyelinated white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid). We validate our algorithm through visual inspection by medical experts, as well as by quantitative comparisons that demonstrate good agreement with expert manual segmentations. The algorithm's robustness is verified by testing on variable quality images acquired on different machines, and on subjects with variable anatomy (enlarged ventricles, preterm- vs. term-born). (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier Science Bv2012

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Effect of fibre orientation and bulk modulus on the electromechanical modelling of human ventricles

Luca Azzolin, Antonello Gerbi, Alfio Quarteroni

This work concerns the mathematical and numerical modeling of the heart. The aim is to enhance the understanding of the cardiac function in both physiological and pathological conditions. Along this road, a challenge arises from the multi-scale and multi-physics nature of the mathematical problem at hand. In this paper, we propose an electromechanical model that, in bi-ventricle geometries, combines the monodomain equation, the Bueno-Orovio minimal ionic model, and the Holzapfel-Ogden strain energy function for the passive myocardial tissue modelling together with the active strain approach combined with a model for the transmurally heterogeneous thickening of the myocardium. Since the distribution of the electric signal is dependent on the fibres orientation of the ventricles, we use a Laplace-Dirichlet Rule-Based algorithm to determine the myocardial fibres and sheets configuration in the whole bi-ventricle. In this paper, we study the influence of different fibre directions and incompressibility constraint and penalization on the compressibility of the material (bulk modulus) on the pressure-volume relation simulating a full heart beat. The coupled electromechanical problem is addressed by means of a fully segregated scheme. The numerical discretization is based on the Finite Element Method for the spatial discretization and on Backward Differentiation Formulas for the time discretization. The arising non-linear algebraic system coming from application of the implicit scheme is solved through the Newton method. Numerical simulations are carried out in a patient-specific bi-ventricle geometry to highlight the most relevant results of both electrophysiology and mechanics and to compare them with physiological data and measurements. We show how various fibre configurations and bulk modulus modify relevant clinical quantities such as stroke volume, ejection fraction and ventricle contractility.

2020

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Influence of heart motion on cardiac output estimation by means of electrical impedance tomography: a case study

Fabian Braun, Mathieu Lemay, Martin Proença, Michaël Rapin, Jean-Philippe Thiran

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that can measure cardiac-related intra-thoracic impedance changes. EIT-based cardiac output estimation relies on the assumption that the amplitude of the impedance change in the ventricular region is representative of stroke volume (SV). However, other factors such as heart motion can significantly affect this ventricular impedance change. In the present case study, a magnetic resonance imaging-based dynamic bio-impedance model fitting the morphology of a single male subject was built. Simulations were performed to evaluate the contribution of heart motion and its influence on EIT-based SV estimation. Myocardial deformation was found to be the main contributor to the ventricular impedance change (56%). However, motion-induced impedance changes showed a strong correlation (r = 0.978) with left ventricular volume. We explained this by the quasi-incompressibility of blood and myocardium. As a result, EIT achieved excellent accuracy in estimating a wide range of simulated SV values (error distribution of 0.57 +/- 2.19 ml (1.02 +/- 2.62%) and correlation of r = 0.996 after a two-point calibration was applied to convert impedance values to millilitres). As the model was based on one single subject, the strong correlation found between motion-induced changes and ventricular volume remains to be verified in larger datasets.

Iop Publishing Ltd2015

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Effect of fibre orientation and bulk modulus on the electromechanical modelling of human ventricles

Luca Azzolin, Antonello Gerbi, Alfio Quarteroni

2020