Étude des gisementsL'étude des gisements est une branche de l'ingénierie pétrolière qui applique les principes scientifiques pour les problèmes de drainage survenant durant le développement et la production des gisements de pétrole et de gaz de façon à obtenir une forte rentabilité économique. L'étude des gisements fait appel à la géologie souterraine ou de subsurface, la géophysique avec les données pétrophysique ,les mathématiques appliquées, et les lois fondamentales de la physique et de la chimie qui régissent le comportement des phases liquides et vapeurs du pétrole brut, du gaz naturel, et de l'eau dans la roche réservoir.
Offshore drillingOffshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed. It is typically carried out in order to explore for and subsequently extract petroleum that lies in rock formations beneath the seabed. Most commonly, the term is used to describe drilling activities on the continental shelf, though the term can also be applied to drilling in lakes, inshore waters and inland seas. Offshore drilling presents environmental challenges, both offshore and onshore from the produced hydrocarbons and the materials used during the drilling operation.
EniEni (anciennement le sigle de l'italien it, pour société nationale italienne des hydrocarbures) est une société italienne d'hydrocarbures créée en 1953 sous la présidence d’Enrico Mattei. Elle a été privatisée en 1998. L’État italien conserve une minorité du capital (environ 30 %). Elle est présente dans les secteurs du pétrole, du gaz naturel, de la pétrochimie, de la biochimie, de la production et la commercialisation d’énergie électrique à partir de combustibles fossiles, de cogénération et de sources renouvelables.
Compaction (geology)In sedimentology, compaction is the process by which a sediment progressively loses its porosity due to the effects of pressure from loading. This forms part of the process of lithification. When a layer of sediment is originally deposited, it contains an open framework of particles with the pore space being usually filled with water. As more sediment is deposited above the layer, the effect of the increased loading is to increase the particle-to-particle stresses resulting in porosity reduction primarily through a more efficient packing of the particles and to a lesser extent through elastic compression and pressure solution.
Integrated operationsIn the petroleum industry, Integrated operations (IO) refers to the integration of people, disciplines, organizations, work processes and information and communication technology to make smarter decisions. In short, IO is collaboration with focus on production. The most striking part of IO has been the use of always-on videoconference rooms between offshore platforms and land-based offices. This includes broadband connections for sharing of data and video-surveillance of the platform.
Reservoir modelingIn the oil and gas industry, reservoir modeling involves the construction of a computer model of a petroleum reservoir, for the purposes of improving estimation of reserves and making decisions regarding the development of the field, predicting future production, placing additional wells and evaluating alternative reservoir management scenarios. A reservoir model represents the physical space of the reservoir by an array of discrete cells, delineated by a grid which may be regular or irregular.
Fracture (geology)A fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides the rock into two or more pieces. A fracture will sometimes form a deep fissure or crevice in the rock. Fractures are commonly caused by stress exceeding the rock strength, causing the rock to lose cohesion along its weakest plane. Fractures can provide permeability for fluid movement, such as water or hydrocarbons. Highly fractured rocks can make good aquifers or hydrocarbon reservoirs, since they may possess both significant permeability and fracture porosity.
Raffinage du pétrolethumb|400px|Une raffinerie de pétrole à North Pole, Alaska, la nuit tombée. Le raffinage du pétrole désigne l'ensemble des traitements et transformations visant à tirer du pétrole le maximum de produits à haute valeur commerciale. Selon l'objectif visé, en général, ces procédés sont réunis dans une raffinerie. Le pétrole, mélange de différents produits hydrocarbonés, doit subir une série de traitements pour être utilisable dans les moteurs à combustion et dans les différentes branches de l'industrie (pétrochimie.
Gas ventingGas venting, more specifically known as natural-gas venting or methane venting, is the intentional and controlled release of gases containing alkane hydrocarbons - predominately methane - into earth's atmosphere. It is a widely used method for disposal of unwanted gases which are produced during the extraction of coal and crude oil. Such gases may lack value when they are not recyclable into the production process, have no export route to consumer markets, or are surplus to near-term demand.
Upstream (petroleum industry)The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream (or exploration and production - E&P), midstream and downstream. The upstream sector includes searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface. The upstream industry has traditionally experienced the highest number of Mergers, Acquisitions (M&A) and Divestitures.
