The fluent calculus is a formalism for expressing dynamical domains in first-order logic. It is a variant of the situation calculus; the main difference is that situations are considered representations of states. A binary function symbol is used to concatenate the terms that represent facts that hold in a situation. For example, that the box is on the table in the situation is represented by the formula . The frame problem is solved by asserting that the situation after the execution of an action is identical to the one before but for the conditions changed by the action. For example, the action of moving the box from the table to the floor is formalized as:
This formula states that the state after the move is added the term and removed the term . Axioms specifying that is commutative and non-idempotent are necessary for such axioms to work.
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In artificial intelligence, a fluent is a condition that can change over time. In logical approaches to reasoning about actions, fluents can be represented in first-order logic by predicates having an argument that depends on time. For example, the condition "the box is on the table", if it can change over time, cannot be represented by ; a third argument is necessary to the predicate to specify the time: means that the box is on the table at time .
The event calculus is a logical language for representing and reasoning about events and their effects first presented by Robert Kowalski and Marek Sergot in 1986. It was extended by Murray Shanahan and Rob Miller in the 1990s. Similar to other languages for reasoning about change, the event calculus represents the effects of actions on fluents. However, events can also be external to the system. In the event calculus, one can specify the value of fluents at some given time points, the events that take place at given time points, and their effects.
En informatique et philosophie, plus précisément en intelligence artificielle, le problème du cadre (frame problem en anglais) concerne la modélisation de l'effet des actions. Il s'agit d'énoncer la préservation du cadre : toutes les propriétés non modifiées par une action. Par exemple, si un robot pose une tasse sur une table, il faut non seulement spécifier que la tasse est désormais sur la table, mais aussi que la lumière reste allumée, que la table est toujours au même endroit, que le robot est toujours dans la même pièce etc.
The vapour expansion of extruded cereals is a versatile technique used in the food processing industry to produce a wide variety of light, crisp & crunchy products such as snacks, breakfast cereals and pet foods. The range of textures that can be produced ...
With increasing computer capabilities, numerical modeling of two-phase flows has developed significantly over the last few years. Although there are two main categories, namely 'one' fluid and 'two' fluid methods, the 'one' fluid methods are more commonly ...