Retransmission (data networks)Retransmission, essentially identical with automatic repeat request (ARQ), is the resending of packets which have been either damaged or lost. Retransmission is one of the basic mechanisms used by protocols operating over a packet switched computer network to provide reliable communication (such as that provided by a reliable byte stream, for example TCP). Such networks are usually "unreliable", meaning they offer no guarantees that they will not delay, damage, or lose packets, or deliver them out of order.
Contrôle de fluxLe contrôle de flux, dans un réseau informatique ou un réseau de télécommunications, représente un asservissement du débit binaire de l'émetteur vers le récepteur. Quand une machine a un débit montant supérieur au débit descendant de la destination, la source diminue son débit pour ne pas submerger le puits de requêtes (obligeant parfois, lorsque le puits ne peut pas les traiter, à la ré-émission de ces dernières). Le contrôle de flux doit être différencié du contrôle de congestion, qui est utilisé pour contrôler le flux de données lorsque la congestion a déjà eu lieu.
BitstreamA bitstream (or bit stream), also known as binary sequence, is a sequence of bits. A bytestream is a sequence of bytes. Typically, each byte is an 8-bit quantity, and so the term octet stream is sometimes used interchangeably. An octet may be encoded as a sequence of 8 bits in multiple different ways (see bit numbering) so there is no unique and direct translation between bytestreams and bitstreams. Bitstreams and bytestreams are used extensively in telecommunications and computing.
Sliding window protocolA sliding window protocol is a feature of packet-based data transmission protocols. Sliding window protocols are used where reliable in-order delivery of packets is required, such as in the data link layer (OSI layer 2) as well as in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). They are also used to improve efficiency when the channel may include high latency. Packet-based systems are based on the idea of sending a batch of data, the packet, along with additional data that allows the receiver to ensure it was received correctly, perhaps a checksum.
Reliable byte streamA reliable byte stream is a common service paradigm in computer networking; it refers to a byte stream in which the bytes which emerge from the communication channel at the recipient are exactly the same, and in exactly the same order, as they were when the sender inserted them into the channel. The classic example of a reliable byte stream communication protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol, one of the major building blocks of the Internet.
Acknowledgement (data networks)In data networking, telecommunications, and computer buses, an acknowledgment (ACK) is a signal that is passed between communicating processes, computers, or devices to signify acknowledgment, or receipt of message, as part of a communications protocol. The negative-acknowledgement (NAK or NACK) is a signal that is sent to reject a previously received message or to indicate some kind of error. Acknowledgments and negative acknowledgments inform a sender of the receiver's state so that it can adjust its own state accordingly.
Head-of-line blockingHead-of-line blocking (HOL blocking) in computer networking is a performance-limiting phenomenon that occurs when a line of packets is held up in a queue by a first packet. Examples include input buffered network switches, out-of-order delivery and multiple requests in HTTP pipelining. A switch may be composed of buffered input ports, a switch fabric and buffered output ports. If first-in first-out (FIFO) input buffers are used, only the oldest packet is available for forwarding.
Path MTU discoveryPath MTU discovery (PMTUd) est une technique permettant de déterminer, dans un réseau informatique, la taille du MTU sur le chemin entre deux hôtes IP, afin d'éviter la fragmentation des paquets. Il est défini pour ICMP par le et pour ICMPv6 par la . La fragmentation IP affecte en effet les performances des routeurs et pose de plus des problèmes de sécurité. La découverte du MTU d'un chemin donné fonctionne en positionnant le bit DF (Don't Fragment) de l'en-tête IP sur tous les paquets sortants.
Protocole sans étatEn informatique, un protocole sans état (en anglais stateless protocol) est un protocole de communication qui n'enregistre pas l'état d'une session de communication entre deux requêtes successives. La communication est formée de paires requête-réponse indépendantes et chaque paire requête-réponse est traitée comme une transaction indépendante, sans lien avec les requêtes précédentes ou suivantes. Autrement dit, un protocole sans état ne nécessite pas que le serveur conserve, au cours de la session de communication, l'état de chacun des partenaires.
Out-of-order deliveryIn computer networking, out-of-order delivery is the delivery of data packets in a different order from which they were sent. Out-of-order delivery can be caused by packets following multiple paths through a network, by lower-layer retransmission procedures (such as automatic repeat request), or via parallel processing paths within network equipment that are not designed to ensure that packet ordering is preserved. One of the functions of TCP is to prevent the out-of-order delivery of data, either by reassembling packets in order or requesting retransmission of out-of-order packets.
