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Le 'cristallin' est une lentille convergente naturelle de l'œil. Chez l'Homme Fonction L'œil comporte deux lentilles convergentes naturelles : la cornée, située à l'entrée de l'œil, et le cristallin, lentille biconvexe située derrière l'iris et reliée aux enveloppes de l'œil par le corps ciliaire. Ces deux lentilles concentrent les rayons lumineux sur la rétine, qui joue le rôle d'écran au fond de l'œil. La particularité du cristallin en tant que lentille est de pouvoir modifier sa courbure, sous l'action du muscle ciliaire (un muscle lisse), et donc sa vergence. Une image nette peut donc se former sur la rétine même si l'objet est proche de l'œil. C'est le phénomène d'accommodation. Anatomie Organe plein mais avasculaire, le cristallin, lentille organique, est formé essentiellement de cellules anucléées, allongées et disposées en couches concentriques, en bulbe d'oignon, ensachées dans une capsule ou cristalloide, qui est une membrane conjonctive

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A Male with Unilateral Microphthalmia Reveals a Role for TMX3 in Eye Development

Pooja Agarwal, Yan Zhang

Anophthalmia and microphthalmia are important birth defects, but their pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. We studied a patient with severe unilateral microphthalmia who had a 2.7 Mb deletion at chromosome 18q22.1 that was inherited from his mother. In-situ hybridization showed that one of the deleted genes, TMX3, was expressed in the retinal neuroepithelium and lens epithelium in the developing murine eye. We re-sequenced TMX3 in 162 patients with anophthalmia or microphthalmia, and found two missense substitutions in unrelated patients: c.116G > A, predicting p.Arg39Gln, in a male with unilateral microphthalmia and retinal coloboma, and c.322G > A, predicting p.Asp108Asn, in a female with unilateral microphthalmia and severe micrognathia. We used two antisense morpholinos targeted against the zebrafish TMX3 orthologue, zgc:110025, to examine the effects of reduced gene expression in eye development. We noted that the morphant larvae resulting from both morpholinos had significantly smaller eye sizes and reduced labeling with islet-1 antibody directed against retinal ganglion cells at 2 days post fertilization. Co-injection of human wild type TMX3 mRNA rescued the small eye phenotype obtained with both morpholinos, whereas co-injection of human TMX3(p.Arg39Gln) mutant mRNA, analogous to the mutation in the patient with microphthalmia and coloboma, did not rescue the small eye phenotype. Our results show that haploinsufficiency for TMX3 results in a small eye phenotype and represents a novel genetic cause of microphthalmia and coloboma. Future experiments to determine if other thioredoxins are important in eye morphogenesis and to clarify the mechanism of function of TMX3 in eye development are warranted.

Public Library of Science2010

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Adamts18 deletion results in distinct developmental defects and provides a model for congenital disorders of lens, lung, and female reproductive tract development

Dalya Ataca, Cathrin Brisken, Marian Caikovski, Yakir Guri, Alessandra Piersigilli

The ADAMTS family comprises 19 secreted metalloproteinases that cleave extracellular matrix components and have diverse functions in numerous disease and physiological contexts. A number of them remain 'orphan' proteases, among them ADAMTS18, which has been implicated in developmental eye disorders, platelet function and various malignancies. To assess in vivo function of ADAMTS18, we generated a mouse strain with inactivated Adamts18 alleles. In the C57Bl6/Ola background, Adamts18 deficient mice are born in a normal Mendelian ratio, and are viable but show a transient growth delay. Histological examination revealed a 100% penetrant eye defect resulting from leakage of lens material through the lens capsule occurring at embryonic day (E)13.5, when the lens grows rapidly. Adamts18 deficient lungs showed altered bronchiolar branching. Fifty percent of the mutant females are infertile because of vaginal obstruction due to either a dorsoventral vaginal septum or imperforate vagina. The incidence of ovarian rete is increased in the mutant mice. Thus, Adamts18 is essential in the development of distinct tissues and the new mouse strain is likely to be useful for investigating ADAMTS18 function in human disease, particularly in the contexts of infertility and carcinogenesis.

Company Of Biologists Ltd2016

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Versatile optical access to the tunnel gap in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope

Alexander Kabakchiev, Klaus Kern

We developed a setup that provides three independent optical access paths to the tunnel junction of an ultrahigh vacuum low temperature (4.2 K) scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Each path can be individually chosen to couple light in or out, or to image the tunnel junction. The design comprises in situ adjustable aspheric lenses to allow tip exchange. The heat input into the STM is negligible. We present in detail the beam geometry and the realization of lens adjustment. Measurements demonstrate the characterization of a typical light source exemplified by emission from tip-induced plasmons. We suggest employing the Fourier transforming properties of imaging lenses and polarization analysis to obtain additional information on the light emission process. Performance and future potential of the instrument are discussed. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3480548]

2010

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Œil humain

Rétine

vignette|(Fig. 1) Rétinographie : la tache grise au centre est la macula, la tache claire est la papille. vignette|(Fig. 2) Organisation axiale simplifiée de la rétine. La figure montre le fond de l’œ

Œil

thumb|Œil humain. thumb|Yeux multiples d'une araignée (Maevia inclemens). thumb|Yeux composés d'une mouche (Holcocephala fusca). thumb|Les crevettes-mantes (ici Odontodactylus scyllarus) sont réputés

MICRO-470: Scaling laws & simulations in micro & nanosystems

This class combines an analytical and finite elements modeling (FEM) simulations approach to scaling laws in MEMS/NEMS. The dominant physical effects and scaling effects when downsizing sensors and actuators in microsystems are discussed, across a broad range of actuation principles.

MICRO-561: Biomicroscopy I

Introduction to geometrical and wave optics for understanding the principles of optical microscopes, their advantages and limitations. Describing the basic microscopy components and the commonly used biomicrocopy methods such as widefield and fluorescence.

PHYS-317: Optics I

L'optique est un vieux domaine qui touche à beaucoup de sujets modernes, des techniques expérimentales aux applications courantes. Ce premier cours traite plusieurs aspects de base de l'optique: propagation, dispersion, interférence, diffraction, polarisation, modulation, guidage, etc.