AsenapineAsenapine, sold under the brand name Saphris among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar disorder as well as the medium to long-term management of bipolar disorder. It was chemically derived via altering the chemical structure of the tetracyclic (atypical) antidepressant, mianserin. It was initially approved in the United States in 2009 and approved as a generic medication in 2020.
Syndrome de Gilles de La TouretteLe , parfois abrégé sous le sigle SGT et nommé , est un trouble neurologique caractérisé par des tics moteurs et vocaux. Il débute dans l'enfance et peut être héréditaire. Ce syndrome a d'abord été considéré comme une maladie neuropsychiatrique rare et associé à la production de mots obscènes (coprolalie), un symptôme qui n'est toutefois présent que dans une minorité de cas. Le syndrome de Gilles de La Tourette n'est plus considéré comme rare, mais doit être correctement identifié car la plupart des cas sont de moyenne sévérité.
CitalopramLe citalopram, ou plus exactement le bromhydrate de citalopram, est un antidépresseur inhibiteur sélectif de la recapture de la sérotonine (ISRS), il est utilisé pour le traitement de la dépression, associé ou non à des troubles de l'humeur, et dans l'ensemble des troubles de l'anxiété. Le citalopram a été commercialisé dans plus de sous divers noms tels que Celapram, Celexa, Ciazil, Cilift, Cipram, Cipramil, Ciprapine, Citabax, Citalec, Citaxin, Citrol, Ecosol, Mepha, Recital, Seropram (France), Talam, Zentius, Zetalo.
Mixed affective stateA mixed affective state, formerly known as a mixed-manic or mixed episode, has been defined as a state wherein features unique to both depression and mania—such as episodes of despair, doubt, anguish, impulsive decision making or increased energy, suicidal ideation, decreased need for sleep, emotional liability, racing thoughts, irritability, pressure of activity, and heightened irritability—occur either simultaneously or in very short succession.
Tic disorderTic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic movements). Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization (ICD-10 codes). The fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published in May 2013, classifies Tourette syndrome and tic disorders as motor disorders listed in the neurodevelopmental disorder category.
Mechanism of actionIn pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor. Receptor sites have specific affinities for drugs based on the chemical structure of the drug, as well as the specific action that occurs there.
Functional selectivityFunctional selectivity (or “agonist trafficking”, “biased agonism”, “biased signaling”, "ligand bias" and “differential engagement”) is the ligand-dependent selectivity for certain signal transduction pathways relative to a reference ligand (often the endogenous hormone or peptide) at the same receptor. Functional selectivity can be present when a receptor has several possible signal transduction pathways. To which degree each pathway is activated thus depends on which ligand binds to the receptor.
NefazodoneNefazodone, sold formerly under the brand names Serzone, Dutonin, and Nefadar among others, is an atypical antidepressant medication which is used in the treatment of depression and for other uses. Nefazodone is still available in the United States, but was withdrawn from other countries due to rare liver toxicity. The medication is taken by mouth. Side effects of nefazodone include dry mouth, sleepiness, nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, lightheadedness, confusion, and postural low blood pressure, among others.
