Univers

Résumé

vignette|redresse=1.8|Représentation à l'échelle logarithmique de l'Univers observable. Au centre figure le Système solaire et, à mesure qu'on s'en éloigne, les étoiles proches, le bras de Persée, la Voie lactée, les galaxies proches, le réseau des structures à grande échelle, le fond diffus cosmologique et, à la périphérie, le plasma invisible du Big Bang. L'Univers, au sens cosmologique, est l'ensemble de tout ce qui existe, décrit à partir d'observations scientifiques et régi par des lois physiques. La cosmologie cherche à appréhender l'Univers d'un point de vue scientifique, comme l'ensemble de la matière et de l'énergie distribuées dans l'espace-temps. Pour sa part, la cosmogonie vise à établir une théorie de la création de l'Univers sur des bases philosophiques ou religieuses. La différence entre ces deux définitions n'empêche pas nombre de physiciens d'avoir une conception finaliste de l'Univers (voir à ce sujet le principe anthropique). Si l'on veut faire correspondre le mou

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers

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Le Big Bang (« Grand Boum ») est un modèle cosmologique utilisé par les scientifiques pour décrire l'origine et l'évolution de l'Univers. De façon générale, le terme « Big Bang » est associé à toute

thumb|350px|Nébuleuse M17 : photographie prise par le télescope Hubble. L'astronomie est la science de l'observation des astres, cherchant à expliquer leur origine, leur évolution, ainsi que leurs p

Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and d

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Challenges and opportunities of gravitational-wave searches at MHz to GHz frequencies

Valerie Fiona Domcke, Daniel Garcia Figueroa, Francisco Torrenti

The first direct measurement of gravitational waves by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations has opened up new avenues to explore our Universe. This white paper outlines the challenges and gains expected in gravitational-wave searches at frequencies above the LIGO/Virgo band, with a particular focus on Ultra High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (UHF-GWs), covering the MHz to GHz range. The absence of known astrophysical sources in this frequency range provides a unique opportunity to discover physics beyond the Standard Model operating both in the early and late Universe, and we highlight some of the most promising gravitational sources. We review several detector concepts that have been proposed to take up this challenge, and compare their expected sensitivity with the signal strength predicted in various models. This report is the summary of the workshop "Challenges and opportunities of high-frequency gravitational wave detection" held at ICTP Trieste, Italy in October 2019, that set up the stage for the recently launched Ultra-High-Frequency Gravitational Wave (UHF-GW) initiative.

SPRINGER INT PUBL AG2021

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The expansion history of the Universe between the end of inflation and the onset of radiation-domination (RD) is currently unknown. If the equation of state during this period is stiffer than that of radiation, w > 1/3, the gravitational wave (GW) background from inflation acquires a blue-tilt d log rho GW/d log f = 2(w-1/3)/(w+1/3) > 0 at frequencies f >> f(RD) corresponding to modes re-entering the horizon during the stiff-domination (SD), where f(RD) is the frequency today of the horizon scale at the SD-to-RD transition. We characterized in detail the transfer function of the GW energy density spectrum, considering both 'instant' and smooth modelings of the SD-to-RD transition. The shape of the spectrum is controlled by w, f(RD), and H-inf (the Hubble scale of inflation). We determined the parameter space compatible with a detection of this signal by LIGO and LISA, including possible changes in the number of relativistic degrees of freedom, and the presence of a tensor tilt. Consistency with upper bounds on stochastic GW backgrounds, however, rules out a significant fraction of the observable parameter space. We find that this renders the signal unobservable by Advanced LIGO, in all cases. The GW background remains detectable by LISA, though only in a small island of parameter space, corresponding to scenarios with an equation of state in the range 0.46 less than or similar to w less than or similar to 0.56 and a high inflationary scale H-inf greater than or similar to 10(13) GeV, but low reheating temperature 1 MeV less than or similar to T-RD less than or similar to 150 MeV (equivalently, 10(-11) Hz less than or similar to f(RD) less than or similar to 3.6.10(-9) Hz). Implications for early Universe scenarios resting upon an SD epoch are briefly discussed.

IOP PUBLISHING LTD2019

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Inconsistency of an inflationary sector coupled only to Einstein gravity

Daniel Garcia Figueroa

From a model-building perspective, the inflationary sector might very well have no direct couplings to other species, apart from inevitable gravitational interactions. Within the context of General Relativity, a thermal universe can still emerge after inflation if: i) some radiation sector is excited towards the end of inflation, and ii) the post-inflationary equation of state becomes sufficiently stiff w >= w(RD) greater than or similar to 0:57, with wRD a threshold depending on the inflationary scale H-* and the initial radiation-to-inflaton energy ratio Delta(). Furthermore, a stiff period in the expansion history enhances significantly the inflationary gravitational wave (GW) background, making this signal (potentially) observable by aLIGO, LISA and other experiments. The very same enhancement leads however to an inconsistency of the scenario: the energy of the GWs becomes too large compared to the rest of the radiation sector, violating standard BBN and CMB bounds on GW backgrounds. Except for very special scenarios where the initial radiation sector comprises hundreds of fields with couplings tuned to specific values, our result applies independently of w, H- and Delta(*). This suggests that in order to reheat the universe, the inflationary sector should be coupled directly to other particle species. Alternatively the inflationary sector could be implemented in modified gravity theories.

IOP PUBLISHING LTD2019

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