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Concept
Sucker (zoology)
Résumé
A sucker in zoology is a specialised attachment organ of an animal. It acts as an adhesion device in parasitic worms, several flatworms, cephalopods, certain fishes, amphibians, and bats. It is a muscular structure for suction on a host or substrate. In parasitic annelids, flatworms and roundworms, suckers are the organs of attachment to the host tissues. In tapeworms and flukes, they are a parasitic adaptation for attachment on the internal tissues of the host, such as intestines and blood vessels. In roundworms and flatworms they serve as attachment between individuals particularly during mating. In annelids, a sucker can be both a functional mouth and a locomotory organ. The structure and number of suckers are often used as basic taxonomic diagnosis between different species, since they are unique in each species. In tapeworms there are two distinct classes of suckers, namely "bothridia" for true suckers, and "bothria" for false suckers. In digeneal flukes there are usually an oral sucker at the mouth and a ventral sucker (or acetabulum) posterior to the mouth. Roundworms have their sucker just in front of the anus; hence it is often called a pre-anal sucker.
Among chordates, some fishes and mammals have suckers, which are used as a holdfast to substrata. Among fishes some members of the order Perciformes have modified fins that form a sucker. Some bats, the Madagascar and the Western sucker-footed bat have unusual suckers on their limbs that are useful during roosting. Some amphibians such as the frog have adhesive pads on their toes to help with their locomotion.
In the class Turbellaria, only the species of the order Temnocephalida are parasitic and possess an adhesive disc. The sucker is present at the posterior end on the ventral side. It is lined with syncytial epidermis and numerous microvilli. Beneath the apical membrane are many vacuoles and dense bodies. It is attached to the body through a short stalk. Densely packed muscle fibres link the sucker with the main body through the stalk.
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Proximité ontologique
Publications associées (2)
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EPFL2018Concepts associés (13)
Cestoda
Les cestodes (Cestoda) sont une classe de plathelminthes parasites dont les adultes vivent dans le tube digestif des vertébrés. Ils ont une extrémité supérieure ronde, le scolex avec des crochets et des ventouses qui leur permettent de s'accrocher. Derrière le scolex, ils ont un cou en croissance puis un strobile suivi par des segments appelés proglottis (immatures, matures, gravides) qui contiennent de nombreux œufs. Comme les cestodes n'ont pas de tube digestif à proprement parler, ils absorbent la nourriture prédigérée par l'hôte : ils sont osmotrophes.
Trematoda
Les trématodes (Trematoda) sont une classe au sein du phylum des plathelminthes. Tous les trématodes sont des vers parasites. Les classifications précédentes les scindaient en deux ordres (ou deux sous-classes), les Monogenea et les Digenea, selon que leur cycle de vie impliquait un ou deux hôtes intermédiaires (Monoxène ou hétéroxene). Cependant la taxonomie des plathelminthes est en train de subir une importante révision. Les sources modernes classent les Monogenea en tant que classe séparée au sein du phylum.
Acetabulum (morphology)
Acetabulum æsɪˈtæbjʊləm (plural acetabula) in invertebrate zoology is a saucer-shaped organ of attachment in some annelid worms (like leech) and flatworms. It is a specialised sucker for parasitic adaptation in trematodes by which the worms are able to attach on the host. In annelids, it is basically a locomotory organ for attaching to a substratum. The name also applies to the suction appendage on the arms of cephalopod molluscs such as squid, octopus, cuttlefish, Nautilus, etc. Acetabulum literally means "a small saucer for vinegar".