Anomic aphasia (also known as dysnomia, nominal aphasia, and amnesic aphasia) is a mild, fluent type of aphasia where individuals have word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say (particularly nouns and verbs). By contrast, anomia is a deficit of expressive language, and a symptom of all forms of aphasia, but patients whose primary deficit is word retrieval are diagnosed with anomic aphasia. Individuals with aphasia who display anomia can often describe an object in detail and maybe even use hand gestures to demonstrate how the object is used, but cannot find the appropriate word to name the object. Patients with anomic aphasia have relatively preserved speech fluency, repetition, comprehension, and grammatical speech.
Word selection anomia is caused by damage to the posterior inferior temporal area. This type of anomia occurs when the patient knows how to use an object and can correctly select the target object from a group of objects, and yet cannot name the object. Some patients with word selection anomia may exhibit selective impairment in naming particular types of objects, such as animals or colors. In the subtype known as color anomia, the patient can distinguish between colors but cannot identify them by name or name the color of an object. The patients can separate colors into categories, but they cannot name them.
Semantic anomia is caused by damage to the angular gyrus. This is a disorder in which the meaning of words becomes lost. In patients with semantic anomia, a naming deficit is accompanied by a recognition deficit. Thus, unlike patients with word selection anomia, patients with semantic anomia are unable to select the correct object from a group of objects, even when provided with the name of the target object.
Disconnection anomia results from the severing of connections between sensory and language cortices. Patients with disconnection anomia may exhibit modality-specific anomia, where the anomia is limited to a specific sensory modality, such as hearing.
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Aphasiology is the study of language impairment usually resulting from brain damage, due to neurovascular accident—hemorrhage, stroke—or associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including different types of dementia. These specific language deficits, termed aphasias, may be defined as impairments of language production or comprehension that cannot be attributed to trivial causes such as deafness or oral paralysis. A number of aphasias have been described, but two are best known: expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia) and receptive aphasia (Wernicke's or sensory aphasia).
La (en allemand ) est une maladie neurodégénérative incurable à ce jour du tissu cérébral qui entraîne la perte progressive et irréversible des fonctions mentales et notamment de la mémoire. C'est la cause la plus fréquente de démence chez l'être humain. En 2015, il y a approximativement de personnes dans le monde atteintes de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Le plus souvent, la maladie débute chez les personnes ayant plus de ; seuls 4 % à 5 % des cas d'Alzheimer commencent avant cet âge.
La paraphasie est un trouble du langage. La paraphasie phonémique est une transformation de la forme phonologique du mot. Les phonèmes ne sont pas déformés mais les erreurs consistent en la substitution, l'omission, l'ajout ou la transposition d'un ou de plusieurs phonèmes. Quand le mot cible n'est plus reconnaissable, ces productions sont appelées néologismes. La paraphasie verbale est une substitution lexicale (le mot produit appartient au lexique), et peut partager avec l'item cible des liens sémantiques (paraphasies sémantiques), une analogie phonémique (paraphasie verbale formelle) ou être sans rapport avec lui.
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