OsmoseL'osmose est le phénomène de diffusion de la matière caractérisé par le passage de molécules de solvant d'une solution vers une autre à travers la membrane semi-perméable qui sépare ces deux solutions dont les concentrations en soluté sont différentes ; le transfert global de solvant se fait alors de la solution la moins concentrée (milieu hypotonique) vers la solution la plus concentrée (milieu hypertonique) jusqu'à l'équilibre (milieux isotoniques).
CavéoleLes cavéoles sont des invaginations de la membrane plasmique. Ce sont des sous-types de radeaux lipidiques (raft) enrichis en glycosphingolipides et cholestérol et sont constituées de deux familles de protéines: les cavéolines et les cavines. Une cavéole a un diamètre moyen de 50 à 80 nm et apparaît en microscopie électronique sous forme de flasque dont la cavité est reliée au milieu extracellulaire par une forme rétrécie : le col. C’est cette forme particulière en oméga inversé qui a facilité leur première identification en microscopie électronique par George Palade en 1953.
CavéolineLes cavéolines forment une famille de protéines membranaires constitutives des cavéoles et impliquées dans le phénomène d'endocytose. Les cavéolines existent sous plusieurs isoformes, les (CAV1), abondante dans le système nerveux ; dans les cellules de Schwann et dans les tissus non axonaux ; les (CAV2), fortement exprimées dans les cellules épithéliales et les fibroblastes ; la (CAV3) spécifique du tissu musculaire. Des anomalies dans les fonctions des cavéolines sont impliquées à la fois dans la suppression des tumeurs et dans l'oncogenèse.
Membrane hémi-perméableSemipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability.
Cell polarityCell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Almost all cell types exhibit some form of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction from dendrites to axons, and migrating cells. Furthermore, cell polarity is important during many types of asymmetric cell division to set up functional asymmetries between daughter cells.
Vesicle fusionVesicle fusion is the merging of a vesicle with other vesicles or a part of a cell membrane. In the latter case, it is the end stage of secretion from secretory vesicles, where their contents are expelled from the cell through exocytosis. Vesicles can also fuse with other target cell compartments, such as a lysosome. Exocytosis occurs when secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of cup-shaped structures at the cell plasma membrane called porosome, the universal secretory machinery in cells.
Reverse transportReverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved in the opposite direction to that of their typical movement by the transporter. Transporter reversal typically occurs when a membrane transport protein is phosphorylated by a particular protein kinase, which is an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to proteins. The primary function of most neurotransmitter transporters is to facilitate neurotransmitter reuptake (i.e.
Cell migrationCell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing and immune responses all require the orchestrated movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations. Cells often migrate in response to specific external signals, including chemical signals and mechanical signals. Errors during this process have serious consequences, including intellectual disability, vascular disease, tumor formation and metastasis.
Focal adhesionIn cell biology, focal adhesions (also cell–matrix adhesions or FAs) are large macromolecular assemblies through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an interacting cell. More precisely, focal adhesions are the sub-cellular structures that mediate the regulatory effects (i.e., signaling events) of a cell in response to ECM adhesion. Focal adhesions serve as the mechanical linkages to the ECM, and as a biochemical signaling hub to concentrate and direct numerous signaling proteins at sites of integrin binding and clustering.
PodosomePodosomes are conical, actin-rich structures found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of animal cells. Their size ranges from approximately 0.5 μm to 2.0 μm in diameter. While usually situated on the periphery of the cellular membrane, these unique structures display a polarized pattern of distribution in migrating cells, situating at the front border between the lamellipodium and lamellum. Their primary purpose is connected to cellular motility and invasion; therefore, they serve as both sites of attachment and degradation along the extracellular matrix.
