Molecular cloningMolecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA.
Vector (molecular biology)In molecular cloning, a vector is any particle (e.g., plasmids, cosmids, Lambda phages) used as a vehicle to artificially carry a foreign nucleic sequence – usually DNA – into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids. Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker.
Restriction digestA restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. It is sometimes termed DNA fragmentation, though this term is used for other procedures as well. In a restriction digest, DNA molecules are cleaved at specific restriction sites of 4-12 nucleotides in length by use of restriction enzymes which recognize these sequences. The resulting digested DNA is very often selectively amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), making it more suitable for analytical techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, and chromatography.
Ligation (molecular biology)Ligation is the joining of two nucleic acid fragments through the action of an enzyme. It is an essential laboratory procedure in the molecular cloning of DNA, whereby DNA fragments are joined to create recombinant DNA molecules (such as when a foreign DNA fragment is inserted into a plasmid). The ends of DNA fragments are joined by the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the 3'-hydroxyl of one DNA terminus with the 5'-phosphoryl of another. RNA may also be ligated similarly.
Gène marqueurUn gène marqueur est dans le domaine des biotechnologies un gène que l'on ajoute à une construction génétique (en général plantes transgéniques ou transplastomique) afin de mieux détecter et sélectionner les « évènements de transformation génétique ». En 2004, plus d'une cinquantaine de gènes marqueurs étaient ou avaient été utilisés par les généticiens produisant des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM), généralement dans le contexte de la biotechnologie appliquée à l'agriculture, mais un petit nombre d'entre eux sont utilisés dans la plupart des cas.
Expression vectorAn expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene. Expression vectors are the basic tools in biotechnology for the production of proteins. The vector is engineered to contain regulatory sequences that act as enhancer and promoter regions and lead to efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector.
Chromosome artificiel humainUn chromosome artificiel humain (en anglais, human artificial chromosome ou HAC) est un vecteur pouvant se comporter comme un chromosome supplémentaire dans une population de cellules humaines. Ainsi, au lieu de 46 chromosomes (23 paires), une cellule pouvait en avoir 47 ; autrement dit, 22 paires de chromosomes homologues, 1 paire de chromosomes sexuels, et un chromosome artificiel humain. Il s'agit d'une des méthodes de création par transgénèse. Les chromosomes artificiels humains ont été mis au point en 1997.
Blue–white screenThe blue–white screen is a screening technique that allows for the rapid and convenient detection of recombinant bacteria in vector-based molecular cloning experiments. This method of screening is usually performed using a suitable bacterial strain, but other organisms such as yeast may also be used. DNA of transformation is ligated into a vector. The vector is then inserted into a competent host cell viable for transformation, which are then grown in the presence of X-gal.
Library (biology)In molecular biology, a library is a collection of DNA fragments that is stored and propagated in a population of micro-organisms through the process of molecular cloning. There are different types of DNA libraries, including cDNA libraries (formed from reverse-transcribed RNA), genomic libraries (formed from genomic DNA) and randomized mutant libraries (formed by de novo gene synthesis where alternative nucleotides or codons are incorporated).
Transformation (génétique)En génétique, une transformation génétique est l'intégration d'un fragment d'ADN étranger dans une cellule, ce qui peut entraîner une modification héréditaire du phénotype de l'organisme receveur. C'est un phénomène naturel et courant chez les bactéries. Pour que la transformation s'effectue, il faut que la bactérie receveuse soit en état de compétence, cet état peut-être naturel ou acquis (induit en laboratoire). Le phénomène a été découvert en 1928 par un médecin anglais, Frederick Griffith.
