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Les oiseaux (Aves) sont une classe de vertébrés tétrapodes caractérisée par la bipédie, des ailes, un plumage et un bec sans dents. Survivants de l'extinction Crétacé-Paléogène, les oiseaux modernes (Neornithes) sont les seuls représentants actuels des dinosaures théropodes, tandis que tous les autres groupes de Dinosaures sont éteints. L'histoire évolutive des oiseaux fait de ces animaux de petite taille apparus au Jurassique moyen les descendants directs des dinosaures à plumes pourvus d'ailes, d'où leur position dans le clade des dinosaures. Les analyses cladistiques actuelles les lient aux dinosaures saurischiens, parmi ceux-ci à l'ensemble des théropodes (carnivores bipèdes) et, parmi les nombreux sous-clades qui le composent, au groupe des coelurosauriens Maniraptora. Au sein des maniraptoriens, tous les oiseaux sont rassemblés dans le clade des Avialae qui forme, avec ses deux groupes-frères, les Troodontidae et les Dromaeosauridae, le groupe des Paraves (les « presque oiseau

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Plastic pollution in Swiss surface waters: nature and concentrations, interaction with pollutants

Luiz Felippe De Alencastro, Colin Demars, Florian Faure, Olivier Wieser

Marine microplastic (,5 mm) water pollution has met growing public and scientific interest in the last few years. The situation in freshwater environments remains largely unknown, although it appears that they play an important role as part of the origin of marine pollution. Apart from the physical impacts on biota, chemical effects are to be expected as well, especially with smaller particles. This study aims at assessing plastic abundance in Lakes Geneva, Constance, Neuchaˆtel, Maggiore, Zurich and Brienz, and identifying the nature of the particles, potential ingestion by birds and fishes, and the associated pollutants. Lake surface transects and a few rivers were sampled using a floating manta net, and beach sediments were analysed. Plastics were sorted by type (fragments, pellets, cosmetic beads, lines, fibres, films, foams) and composition (polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, etc.); fish and water birds were dissected to assess their potential exposure, and analyses were conducted on the hydrophobic micropollutants adsorbed to the microplastics as well as some potentially toxic additives they contained. Evidence of this pollution is shown for all lakes, microplastics of all types and diverse composition having been found in all samples. Birds and fish are prone to microplastic ingestion, and all the tested chemicals (both adsorbed micropollutants and contained additives) were found above the detection limit, and often the quantification limit. The sources and their respective contribution need to be confirmed and quantified, and the ecotoxicological effects need further investigation. Other questions remain open, including the transport and fate of plastic particles in the environment.

Csiro Publishing2015

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Microplastics in Swiss surface waters and going upstream: nature, concentrations, interaction with pollutants

Luiz Felippe De Alencastro, Colin Demars, Florian Faure, Olivier Wieser

Marine microplastic (< 5 mm) water pollution has met growing public and scientific interest in the last years. The situation in freshwater environments remains largely unknown, although they appear to play an important role as part of the origin of marine pollution. Apart from the physical impacts on biota, chemical effects are to be expected as well, especially with smaller particles. This study aimed at assessing the situation for the Swiss Lakes Geneva, Constance, Neuchâtel, Maggiore, Zurich and Brienz, and identifying potential impacts. Lake surface transects, a few rivers as well as urban runoff outlets and WWTPs have been sampled using a floating manta net, and beach sediments have been analysed. Plastics have been sorted in types (fragments, pellets, cosmetic beads, lines, fibres, films, foams) and composition (PP, PE, PS, etc.). Fishes and water birds have been dissected to assess their potential exposure, and analyses of the hydrophobic micropollutants adsorbed to the microplastics as well as some potentially toxic additives they contained have been conducted. It appears that all lakes are affected by this pollution, microplastics of all types and diverse composition having been found in all samples. Birds and fishes are prone to microplastic ingestion, and all the tested chemicals (both adsorbed micropollutants and contained additives) were found above the detection limit, and often the quantification limit. The sources and their respective contribution need to be confirmed and quantified, and the ecotoxicological impacts also need further investigation. Other questions remain open, including the transport and fate of the plastic particles in the environment.

2015

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Autonomous Detection and Deterrence of Pigeons on Buildings by Drones

Dario Floreano, Dominik Natter, Fabrizio Schiano, Davide Zambrano

Pigeons may transmit diseases to humans and cause damages to buildings, monuments, and other infrastructure. Therefore, several control strategies have been developed, but they have been found to be either ineffective or harmful to animals and often depend on human operation. This study proposes a system capable of autonomously detecting and deterring pigeons on building roofs using a drone. The presence and position of pigeons were detected in real time by a neural network using images taken by a video camera located on the roof. Moreover, a drone was utilized to deter the animals. Field experiments were conducted in a real-world urban setting to assess the proposed system by comparing the number of animals and their stay durations for over five days against the 21-day- trial experiment without the drone. During the five days of experiments, the drone was automatically deployed 55 times and was significantly effective in reducing the number of birds and their stay durations without causing any harm to them. In conclusion, this study has proven the effectiveness of this system in deterring birds, and this approach can be seen as a fully autonomous alternative to the already existing methods.

2022

Chargement

Mammifère

Les Mammifères (Mammalia) sont une classe d'animaux vertébrés caractérisés par la présence de fourrures (excepté pour certains mammifères marins), d'une oreille moyenne comportant trois os, d'un néo

Vertébrés

Les Vertébrés (Vertebrata) forment un sous-embranchement très diversifié d'animaux chordés appartennant au clade des Olfactoriens et ayant pour particularité principale de posséder un squelette inte

Insecte

Les Insectes () sont une classe d'animaux invertébrés de l'embranchement des Arthropodes et du sous-embranchement des Hexapodes. Ils sont caractérisés par un corps segmenté en trois tagmes (tête pos

ENV-220: Fundamentals in ecology

The students will learn the fundamentals in ecology with the goal to perceive the environment beyond its physical and chemical characteristics. Starting from basic concepts, they will acquire mechanistic understanding of biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and global change.

BIO-109: Introduction to life sciences (for IC)

Ce cours présente les principes fondamentaux à l'œuvre dans les organismes vivants. Autant que possible, l'accent est mis sur les contributions de l'Informatique aux progrès des Sciences de la Vie.

ENV-103: Biology

Diversité du monde vivant, rôle et action des Procaryotes dans la biosphère. Fonctionnement biochimique des êtres vivants comprenant les voies métaboliques centrales et les fonctions des biomolécules majeures. Rôle central joué par l'information génétique, des mécanismes évolutifs et de régulation.